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How Evolution Generates
“Endless Forms, Most Beautiful”Part 1: Improbable Foundations
Marc Presler
Peter Yang
Elizabeth Brown
Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons, User: Holek, Iietunic, LadyOfHats
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What’s in store…
Part 2: Evolution and Development
Peter Yang
Part 3: Human Genetics and Evolution
Elizabeth Brown
Part 1: Improbable Foundations
Marc Presler
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The common
ancestor
Evolution
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“There is grandeur in this view of life...
that from so simple a beginning
endless forms most beautiful
and most wonderful have been,
and are being, evolved.”
-Charles Darwin, concluding
The Origin of Species
Image Credit: Fair use- Kutelo
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Evolution: deeply counterintuitiveand publically controversial…
The common
ancestor
Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons, User: Sting. Fair Use: Reuters, Paolo Neo, Jim Mahoney
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How?
Evolution:
The common
ancestor
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Nature follows “rules”
“Water flows downhill.”
Image Credit:Simon Ledingham, cc by-nc-nd B. Monginoux, Grozdanov, ImagesFromBulgaria.com, freeaussiestock.com, Hans
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Nature follows “rules”
The common ancestor
Image Credit: Wikimages
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The 4 “Rules” of Evolution
• Variation
Image Credit: http://okhoa.org
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• Variation
• Emerge
Image Credit: Fair use, Wolfman, buy.com
The 4 “Rules” of Evolution
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• Variation
• Emerge
• Success
The 4 “Rules” of Evolution
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• Variation
• Emerge
• Pass on
• Success
The 4 “Rules” of Evolution
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The 4 “Rules” of Evolution
• Variation
• Emerge
• Pass on
• Success
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Evolution: simply change over time
MixEmerge Lose
• Occurs at the population level
• If ANYTHING is different from one generation to
the next…
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Natural Selection: When traits becomes
more common because they confer specific
reproductive advantages.
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Fitness: to Survive AND Reproduce
Image Credit: Fair use, FuriousNick
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Evolution: simply change over time
Adaptations are traits that increase fitness.
– Natural Selection, when change is more
‘fit’
• Fitness: Survive AND Reproduce
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Not all evolution is driven by adaptation.
Emerge Mix Lose
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Fitness is relative to environment.
Image Credit: Fair use, <a href="http://public-domain.zorger.com" title="public domain images">public-domain.zorger.com</a>
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Members of a species compete with each
other.
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Populations evolve. Organisms
develop. Peter’s
talk!
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Questions?
Lose
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Common Descent
The common
ancestor
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Common Descent
The common
ancestor
Sorry Dad!
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Common Descent
Common Ancestor
(6 million years ago)
HumanChimpanzeeBonobo
Photo Credit IkiwanerPhoto Credit USAID
Photo Credit
Public Domain
Liz’s Talk!
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Evolution is reactive, not proactive
• Modifying “on the shelf” technology
“It is not the strongest of the
species that survives…but
the one most responsive to
change.”– Charles Darwin
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Genes and evolution
• Genes are what get physically passed on
and modified
– Variation is differences in those genes
Enzymes, like lactase
Hormones, like estrogen
and other cellular level functions
Codes
for
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Genes and evolution
• From large to small…
Photo Credit
Public Domain
CellsGenes Organism Populations
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Questions?
The common ancestor
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Genes at the population level
They’re magically… scrumptious!
©
Lose
Image Credit: Origin of Species
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Genes at the population level
They’re magically… scrumptious!
©
Image Credit: http://www.wpclipart.com
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Genes at the population level
Good morning!
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Genes at the population level
Any change is
evolution.
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Genes at the population level
Lose
“Not all evolution
is adaptive.”
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Where are the super organisms?
Image Credit: Fair use, FuriousNick
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Where are the super organisms?
• Physical constraints
Image Credit: cc by-Grozdanov, ImagesFromBulgaria.com
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Where are the super organisms?
• Everything is always changing…
• Many times it’s hard enough just to stay
alive.
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“There is grandeur in this view of life...
that from so simple a beginning…
endless forms most beautiful and most
wonderful have been, and are being,
evolved.”
“The Struggle of Life…
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“There is grandeur in this view of life...
that from so simple a beginning…
endless forms most beautiful and most
wonderful have been, and are being,
evolved.”
“The Struggle of Life… the production
of…animals directly follows…”
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The common ancestor
Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons, User:Iietunic, LadyOfHats