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HousekeepingHousekeeping
SeminarsSeminars Discussion BoardsDiscussion Boards QuizzesQuizzes Written Assignments – lots of them!Written Assignments – lots of them! No Late Assignments without No Late Assignments without
permissionpermission Need 600 points to passNeed 600 points to pass Unit 3 EssayUnit 3 Essay
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Chapter 1Chapter 1
The History of Crime and The History of Crime and CorrectionsCorrections
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Defining Corrections and its Defining Corrections and its
MissionMission Define:Define: Penology v. CorrectionsPenology v. Corrections
Mission:Mission: To Protect Society To Protect Society ControlControl rehabilitationrehabilitation Incapacitation Incapacitation
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Where does Corrections fit in Where does Corrections fit in the system?the system?
Local, State, FederalLocal, State, Federal
three government levels of three government levels of CorrectionsCorrections
Police, Courts, CorrectionsPolice, Courts, Corrections
Once sentenced under the Penal Once sentenced under the Penal Code, Corrections carries out the Code, Corrections carries out the
sentence. sentence.
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Corrections PolicyCorrections Policy
What do we expect corrections to do?What do we expect corrections to do? PUNISH/PREVENT/REDUCEPUNISH/PREVENT/REDUCE
Punish criminalsPunish criminals
Prevent Crime by deterrence/incapacitationPrevent Crime by deterrence/incapacitation
Reduce future crime through Reduce future crime through rehab/treatmentrehab/treatment
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Correctional FunnelCorrectional Funnel
CrimeCrime ArresteesArrestees
ConvictedConvicted
Prison TermPrison Term
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Why Study this?Why Study this?
Job OpportunitiesJob Opportunities
Types?Types?
Local and Federal LevelsLocal and Federal Levels
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TheoriesTheories
Three Schools on why and Three Schools on why and how to fixhow to fix::
1. Classical School1. Classical School
2. Positive School2. Positive School
3. Neoclassical School3. Neoclassical School
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Classical SchoolClassical School
Cesare Beccaria – Italian TheoristCesare Beccaria – Italian Theorist 1764 book 1764 book An Essay On Crimes And An Essay On Crimes And
PunishmentsPunishments
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) Hedonistic CalculusHedonistic Calculus
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Positive SchoolPositive School
Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909)Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) Italian PhysicianItalian Physician Believed there were links between Believed there were links between
criminality and physical traitscriminality and physical traits AtavismAtavism
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Neoclassical SchoolNeoclassical School
Gabriel Tarde - 1890Gabriel Tarde - 1890 Criminality results from a Criminality results from a
combination of free will and factors combination of free will and factors such as gender, age, social and such as gender, age, social and financial environments. Everyone is financial environments. Everyone is still the “author” of their actions.still the “author” of their actions.
Introduction of Aggravation and Introduction of Aggravation and MitigationMitigation
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1717thth and 18 and 18thth Centuries Centuries
Corporal Punishment –branding, Corporal Punishment –branding, amputation, stocks, pillories, dunking amputation, stocks, pillories, dunking stool, branks.stool, branks.
TransportationTransportation
1600s and 1700s, jails used, not Prisons. 1600s and 1700s, jails used, not Prisons. Conditions were terrible.Conditions were terrible.
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Development of PrisonsDevelopment of Prisons
John Howard – late 1700s EnglandJohn Howard – late 1700s England
William Penn (Quaker) – early 1700sWilliam Penn (Quaker) – early 1700s
Dr. Benjamin Rush – Philadelphia SocietyDr. Benjamin Rush – Philadelphia Society
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Walnut Street JailWalnut Street Jail
17901790 SegregationSegregation SilenceSilence Reading the BibleReading the Bible Work in solitaryWork in solitary
Inmates did “penance” so they Inmates did “penance” so they would repent. penitentiarywould repent. penitentiary
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DevelopmentDevelopment
The Pennsylvania SystemThe Pennsylvania System
Eastern PenitentiaryEastern Penitentiary
Western PenitentiaryWestern Penitentiary
Separate and SilentSeparate and Silent
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The Auburn SystemThe Auburn System
Congregate and silentCongregate and silent 1800-18501800-1850
Hard labor, outside of cells, no inmate Hard labor, outside of cells, no inmate interactioninteraction
Prisons cheaper to build and operatePrisons cheaper to build and operate Inmates had fewer mental health Inmates had fewer mental health
problemsproblems More goods producing earning revenueMore goods producing earning revenue
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1800s and 1900s1800s and 1900s
1800-1850 Auburn1800-1850 Auburn
1840 Irish System1840 Irish System
1870-1910 Reformatory Era1870-1910 Reformatory Era
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1800s and 1900s 1800s and 1900s continued…continued…
1910 – 1935 Industrial Prison Era: 1910 – 1935 Industrial Prison Era: Hawes- Cooper Act 1929; Ashurst-Hawes- Cooper Act 1929; Ashurst-Sumners Act 1935Sumners Act 1935
1935-1960 Period of Transition: enforced 1935-1960 Period of Transition: enforced idleness, overcrowding, no programs. Not idleness, overcrowding, no programs. Not a good mix. Cooper v. Pate (1964)a good mix. Cooper v. Pate (1964)
1414thth Amendment Amendment
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1800s and 1900s 1800s and 1900s continued…continued…
1960-1980 Rehabilitative Era…..and the 1960-1980 Rehabilitative Era…..and the Medical Model….and Reintegration.Medical Model….and Reintegration.
1980s and 1990s – Retributive Era: a 1980s and 1990s – Retributive Era: a return to the Classical School of return to the Classical School of Criminality.Criminality.
Inmates have free will and will be Inmates have free will and will be punished severely if they choose to punished severely if they choose to commit crime.commit crime.
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SENTENCING GOALSSENTENCING GOALS PunishmentPunishment
Deterrence - specific and generalDeterrence - specific and general
Incapacitation - and selective incapacitationIncapacitation - and selective incapacitation
RehabilitationRehabilitation
Restitution - the victim’s movement; restorative Restitution - the victim’s movement; restorative justicejustice
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ReviewReview1. How did the term 1. How did the term corrections corrections evolve from theevolve from theearlier use of the term earlier use of the term penologypenology2. What is the mission of corrections?2. What is the mission of corrections?3. Describe the correctional funnel.3. Describe the correctional funnel.4. List the principles of the Classical School of4. List the principles of the Classical School ofcriminology.criminology.5. What is Bentham’s hedonistic calculus?5. What is Bentham’s hedonistic calculus?6. List the principles of the Positive School of6. List the principles of the Positive School ofcriminology.criminology.7. Describe the operation of the Walnut Street Jail.7. Describe the operation of the Walnut Street Jail.8. Describe the differences in the Pennsylvania and8. Describe the differences in the Pennsylvania andAuburn systems.Auburn systems.9. How did the Irish system contribute to modern9. How did the Irish system contribute to moderncorrectional operations in the United States?correctional operations in the United States?10. How did abandonment of the “hands-off10. How did abandonment of the “hands-offdoctrine” affect prison operations?doctrine” affect prison operations?11. In what ways does corrections attempt to11. In what ways does corrections attempt torehabilitate offenders?rehabilitate offenders?12. How does reintegration differ from12. How does reintegration differ fromrehabilitation?rehabilitation?13. Differentiate between specific and general13. Differentiate between specific and generaldeterrence.deterrence.14. What is selective incapacitation?14. What is selective incapacitation?15. How has the victims’ rights movement affected15. How has the victims’ rights movement affectedcorrectional policies and operations?correctional policies and operations?16. Describe restorative justice.16. Describe restorative justice.
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Next WeekNext Week
A look aheadA look ahead
Unit 2 begins WednesdayUnit 2 begins Wednesday
Look at the Unit 3 written assignmentLook at the Unit 3 written assignment
Do yourself a favor and don’t fall Do yourself a favor and don’t fall behind…..behind…..