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History Part – 14, 15
14] Satavahanas
NOTES
Satavahanas are referred to as Andhras in the Puranas.
The Satavahana kingdom chiefly comprised of modern-day Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana and Maharashtra. At times, their rule also included parts of
Karnataka, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
Their capital cities varied at different times. Pratishthana (Paithan) and
Amaravati were its capitals.
Simuka founded the dynasty.
They were the first native Indian rulers to issue their own coins with the
portraits of the rulers. This practice was started by Gautamiputra Satakarni who
derived the practice from the Western Satraps after defeating them.
The coin legends were in Prakrit language. Some reverse coin legends are in
Telugu, Tamil and Kannada.
They patronised Prakrit more than Sanskrit.
They supported both Buddhism and Brahminism although they were Hindus
and claimed Brahminical status.
They successfully defended their territories against foreign invaders and had
many on-going battles with the Sakas (Western Satraps).
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karshapana and suvarvana coins were in circulation during this period.
Allahabad stupa inscriptions tells us about the rule of satavahanas
Satakarni I (180 BC to 124 BC)
Sarakarni I was the third Satavahana king.
Satakarni I was the first Satavahana king to expand his empire by military
conquests.
He conquered Kalinga after the death of Kharavela.
He also pushed back the Sungas in Pataliputra.
He also ruled over Madhya Pradesh.
After annexing the Godaveri Valley, he assumed the title of ‘Lord of
Dakshinapatha’.
His queen was Nayanika who wrote the Naneghat inscription which describes
the king as Dakshinapathapati.
He performed Ashvamedha to celebrate the victory over malwa and revived
Vedic Brahminism in the Deccan.
Gautamiputra Satkarni (Reign 80 -104 AD)
He is considered as the greatest king of the Satavahana dynasty.
He defeated the Greeks, Pahlavas (Indo-Parthians) and the Sakas.
His kingdom ran from Krishna in the south to Malwa and Saurashtra in the
north and from Berar in the east to the Konkan in the west.
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He defeated Nahapana, an important king of the Western Satraps.
He is also called Ekabrahmana.
His mother was Gautami Balasri and hence his name Gautamiputra (son of
Gautami).
He was succeeded by his son Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi or Pulamavi II.
Decline of satavahanas
Pulamavi IV is considered the last king of the main Satavahana line.
He ruled until 225 AD. After his death, the empire fragmented into five smaller
kingdoms.
15] South Indian kingdoms – Pallavas
The Pallavas
After the decline of the Sangam Age in the Tamil country, the Kalabhra
rule AD 300 - AD 600.
Thereafter, the Pallavas established their kingdom in Tondaimandalam
with its capital at Kanchipuram. Their rule continued till Tondaimandalam
was captured and annexed by the Imperial Cholas in the beginning of the
tenth century A.D.
Origin of the Pallavas
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The origins of the Pallavas are shrouded in mystery. There are several
theories propounded by historians.
Some historians say they are a branch of the Pahlavas of the Parthians
who moved to the South.
Some say they are an indigenous dynasty that arose within the Southern
region and were a mix of various tribes.
Some experts believe them to be of Naga origin who first settled around
the Tondaimandalam region near Madras.
Another theory says that they are descendent from a Chola prince and a
Naga princess of Manipallavam (an island off Jaffna, Sri Lanka).
Some others are of the opinion that the Pallavas were feudatories of the
Satavahanas.
The first Pallava kings ruled during the beginning of the 4th century AD.
By the 7th century AD, there were three kingdoms in southern India vying
for supremacy namely the Chalukyas of Badami, the Pandyas of Madurai
and the Pallavas of Kanchipuram.
Extent
The Pallava capital was Kanchipuram.
Their territories at the height of their powers extended from northern part
of Andhra Pradesh to River Kaveri in the South.
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During the seventh century, the Cholas were reduced to a marginal state
by the authority of the Pallavas.
Vatapi (Badami) was occupied by the Pallava king Narasimhavarman who
defeated the Chalukyas.
The Kalabhra uprising was crushed by the Pandyas, Chalukyas and the
Pallavas jointly. The Kalabhras were protesting against the numerous land
grants (Brahamadeya) to Brahmanas made by the Brahmanic rulers of the
three dynasties.
Simhavarman / Simhavishnu (575 AD – 600 AD)
Was a Buddhist.
Also called as 'Avanisimha'
Included Sri Lanka in his kingdom.
Defeated the contemporary Tamil ruler. Pallava history assumes a definite
character from this ruler onwards.
Invaded kalabhras and firmly established the pallava rule in
tondaimandalam
Mahendravarman (600 AD – 630 AD )
Succeeded Simhavishnu who was his father.
He was a poet and composed Vichitrachita and Mahavilasa Prahasana.
He introduced rock cut temple architecture.
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Was a Jain who converted to Saivism due to the influence of Appar.
Had on-going rivalry and battles with Pulakesin II of Chalukya dynasty.
Mahendravarman died in battle with the Chalukyas. He was an able and
efficient ruler.
Mahendravarman I built the two cities of Mahendravadi and
Mahendramangalam.
He has been praised as 'Sithirakarapuli and sankiranavathi’.
Narasimhavaraman I (630 AD – 668 AD)
Son and successor of Mahendravarman.
Considered the greatest of the Pallavas. Also called Narasimhavarman
Mahamalla/Mamalla (great wrestler ).
Defeated and killed Pulakesin II in 642 AD. He took control of Vatapi, the
Chalukya capital and assumed the title ‘Vatapikonda’.
Also vanquished the Cholas, Cheras and the Pandyas.
He sent a naval expedition to Sri Lanka two times and reinstated the
Sinhalese Prince Manivarma.
He founded the city of Mamallapuram or Mahabalipuram which is named
after him.
Hiuen Tsang visited the Pallava kingdom during his reign in about 640
AD and he describes the people living in his kingdom as happy.
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He also says there was an abundance of agricultural products.
Great Nayannar saints like Appar, Tirugnanasambandar and Siruthondar
lived during his reign.
Motnolithic rathas in mamallapuram was built by him.
He was succeeded by his son Mahendravarman II who ruled from 668 to
670 AD.
Mahendravarman II (668-700)
He ruled for a very short period, since he was killed by Chalukya king,
Vikramaditya I (son of Pulakesin II).
Paramesvaravarman 1 (670-700)
He had to face the invading forces of Vikramaditya I, but finally
succeeded in defeating and driving them back after repeated efforts.
Narasimhavarman II (700-728)
His rule is marked by peace and prosperity, literary activity, and the
construction of large and beautiful temples like the Shore temple at
Mamallapuram and the Kailasanatha temple at Kanchi.
He is also said to have sent embassies to China; and maritime trade
flourished during his reign.
Dandi was present in his court and dandi alangaram was written by him in
sanskrit.
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Paramesvaravarman II (AD 728- AD 731)
The Pallava kingdom again had to face defeat and humiliation during his
reign.
The Chalukya, Vikramaditya II attacked the Pallava capital and
Paramesvaravarman had to conclude a humiliating treaty with him.
When the Pallava ruler tried to retaliate, he was killed by the Ganga ally
of the Chalukyas.
Nandivarman II (AD 731- AD 796)
The Chalukya, Vikramaditya II again invaded and captured the Pallava
capital during his reign, but Vikramaditya showed consideration and
restraint in treating the vanquished, the only instance of restraint in the
whole of the suicidal Chalukya-Pallava conflict, and withdrew from
Kanchi without destroying it.
Nandi soon strengthened himself and defeated the Chalukya ally, the
Gangas. But he had to meet defeat at the hands of the Pandyas. And after
this defeat, he concentrated on domestic matters.
He was a worshipper of Vishnu and a great patron of learning.
During his reign, several old temples were renovated and new ones like
the Vaikuntaperumal temple at Kanchi were constructed.
Thirumangai alwar belongs to his period.
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Successors of Nandivarman II were Dantivarman (796-847),
Nandivarman III (847-69) is also called as tellaru nandivarman ,
Nripatunga (869-99) and Aparajita (899-903).
The last nail in the coffin was driven by Aditya Chola by defeating
Aparajita Pallava towards the end of the ninth century AD.
However, the Pallava chiefs continued to exist till the end of the 13th
century AD as feudatories.
Parameswaravarman was killed by sungas.
Administration of the Pallavas
The Pallavas had a well organized administrative system.
Pallava management system is arranged as Rashtram - Vishayas - Nadus -
Urs
The Pallava state was divided into Kottams.
The Kottam was administered by officers appointed by the king.
The king was at the centre of administration in which he was assisted by
able ministers.
The king was the fountain of justice.
The king maintained a well-trained army.
During the Pallava period, there were civil and criminal courts
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The king provided land-grants to the temples known as Devadhana and
also to the Brahmans known as Brahmadeya.
It was also the responsibility of the central government to provide
irrigation facilities to the lands. A number of irrigation tanks were dug by
the Pallava kings.
The irrigation tanks at Mahendravadi and Mamandoor were dug during
the reign of Mahendravarman I.
Detailed information on the tax system could also be traced from the
Pallava inscriptions.
Land tax was the primary source of the government revenue.
The Brahmadeya and Devadhana lands were exempted from tax.
Traders and artisans such as carpenters, goldsmiths, washer-men, oil-
pressers and weavers paid taxes to the government.
The Pallava inscriptions throw much light on the village assemblies called
sabhas and their committees.
They maintained records of all village lands, looked after local affairs and
managed temples.
Society under the Pallavas
The Tamil society witnessed a great change during the Pallava period.
The caste system became rigid.
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The Brahmins occupied a high place in the society. They were given land-
grants by the kings and nobles. They were also given the responsibility of
looking after the temples.
The Pallava period also witnessed the rise of Saivism and Vaishnavism
and also the decline of Buddhism and Jainism.
The Saiva Nayanmars and the Vaishnava Alwars contributed to the
growth of Saivism and Vaishnavism. This is known as the Bakthi
Movement. They composed their hymns in the Tamil language. These
hymns revealed the importance of devotion or Bakthi. The construction of
temples by the Pallava kings paved the way for the spread of these two
religions.
Education and Literature
The Pallavas were great patrons of learning and their capital Kanchi was
an ancient centre of learning.
The Ghatika (educational centres ) at Kanchi was popular and it attracted
students from all parts of India and abroad.
The founder of the Kadamba dynasty, Mayurasarman studied Vedas at
Kanchi.
Dinganaga, a Buddhist writer came to study at Kanchi. Dharmapala, who
later became the Head of the Nalanada University, belonged to Kanchi.
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Bharavi, the great Sanskrit scholar lived in the time of Simhavishnu and
wrote Kiratarjuniya.
Dandi, another Sanskrit writer adorned the court of Narasimhavarman II
and wrote Avanti Sundari Katacharam.
Mahendravaraman I composed the Sanskrit play Mattavilasaprahasanam
and author of 'BhagavadViyugam'.
Tamil literature had also developed and the Nayanmars and Alwars
composed religious hymns in Tamil.
The Devaram composed by Nayanmars and the Nalayradivyaprabandam
composed by Alwars represent the religious literature of the Pallava
period.
Perundevanar was patronized by Nandivarman II and he translated the
Mahabharata as Bharathavenba in Tamil.
Nandikkalambagam was another important work but the name of the
author of this work is not known.
Music and dance also developed during this period.
Religion
The Pallavas were orthodox Brahmanical Hindus and their patronage was
responsible for the great reformation of the medieval ages.
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Most of the Pallava kings were devotees of Siva, the exceptions being
Simhavishnu and Nandivarman who were worshippers of Vishnu.
Mahendravarman I was the first to be influenced by the famous Saivite
saints of the age.
Besides worshipping Siva, he also showed reverence to other Hindu gods.
Pallavas were tolerant towards other religions like Buddhism and Jainism.
However, some of the sects like Buddhism were losing their former glory
to Saivism.
The Vedic tradition in general bossed over the local tradition.
Sankaracharya in fact gave this stimulus to Vedic tradition.Tamil saints of
the sixth and seventh centuries AD were the progenitors of the bhakti
movement.
The hymns and sermons of the Nayanars (Saivite saints) and Alvars
(Vaishnavite saints) continued the tradition of bhakti.
Saivite saints were Appar, Sambandar, Sundarar, and others. Most
remarkable thing about this age was the presence of women saints such as
Andal (an Alvar).
Pallava Art and Architecture
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The Pallavas introduced the art of excavating temples from the rock. In
fact, the Dravidian style of temple architecture began with the Pallava
rule.
It was a gradual evolution starting from the cave temples to monolithic
rathas and culminated in structural temples.
The development of temple architecture under the Pallavas can be seen in
four stages.
Mahendravarman I introduced the rock-cut temples. This style of Pallava
temples are seen at places like Mandagappattu, Mahendravadi,
Mamandur, Dalavanur, Tiruchirappalli, Vallam, Siyamangalam and
Tirukalukkunram.
The second stage of Pallava architecture is represented by the monolithic
rathas and Mandapas found at Mamallapuram. Narasimhavarman I took
the credit for these wonderful architectural monuments.
The five rathas, popularly called as the Panchapanadava rathas, signifies
five different styles of temple architecture. The mandapas contain
beautiful sculptures on its walls. The most popular of these mandapas are
Mahishasuramardhini Mandapa, Tirumurthi Mandapam and Varaha
Madapam.
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In the next stage, Rajasimha introduced the structural temples. These
temples were built by using the soft sand rocks. The Kailasanatha temple
at Kanchi and the Shore temple at Mamallapuram remain the finest
examples of the early structural temples of the Pallavas. The Kailasanatha
temple at Kanchi is the greatest architectural master piece of the Pallava
art.
The last stage of the Pallava art is also represented by structural temples
built by the later Pallavas. The Vaikundaperumal temple, Muktheeswara
temple and Matagenswara temples at Kanchipuram belong to this stage of
architecture.
The Pallavas had also contributed to the development of sculpture.
Apart from the sculptures found in the temples, the ‘Open Art Gallery’ at
Mamallapuram remains an important monument bearing the sculptural
beauty of this period.
The Descent of the Ganges or the Penance of Arjuna is called a fresco
painting in stone.
The minute details as well as the theme of these sculptures such as the
figures of lice-picking monkey, elephants of huge size and the figure of
the ‘ascetic cat’ standing erect show highly evovled sculpture era.
Fine Arts
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Music, dance and painting had also developed under the patronage of the
Pallavas.
The Mamandur inscription contains a note on the notation of vocal music.
The Kudumianmalai inscription referred to musical notes and instruments.
The Alwars and Nayanmars composed their hymns in various musical
notes.
Dance and drama also developed during this period.
The sculptures of this period depict many dancing postures.
The Sittannavasal paintings belonged to this period.
The commentary called Dakshinchitra was compiled during the reign of
Mahendravarman I, who had the title Chittirakkarapuli.
Spread of Indian Culture
Pallavas were also instrumental in spreading Indian culture in South-East
Asia.
Till the eighth century AD Pallava influence was predominant in
Cambodia. Saivism enjoyed official patronage in these countries.
The Pallava type of sikhara is to be found in the temples of Java,
Cambodia and Annam.
Satavahanas - Questions
1) Who is the founder of the satavahanas clan?
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(A) Gautamiputra Satakarni
(B) Simuka
(C) Yajna Sri Satakarni
(D) Vashishtaputra Pulamayi
2) How was the Andhra rulers who ruled the delta region of the Godavari and
Krishna rivers is called as?
(A) Cholas
(B) Simuka
(C) Pallavas
(D) Satavahanas
3) The greatest ruler of the Satavahana dynasty is
(A) Sri Satakarni I
(B) Vashishtaputra Pulamayi
(C) Gautamiputra Satakarni
(D) Yajna Sri Satakarni
4) During whose rule the karshapana and suvarvana coins were in circulation ?
(A) Cholas
(B) Simuka
(C) Pallavas
(D) Satavahanas
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5) Who is called as Ekabrahmana ?
(A) Sri Satakarni I
(B) Vashishtaputra Pulamayi
(C) Gautamiputra Satakarni
(D) Yajna Sri Satakarni
6) Who defeated nahapana of western satraps ?
(A) Sri Satakarni I
(B) Vashishtaputra Pulamayi
(C) Gautamiputra Satakarni
(D) Yajna Sri Satakarni
7) Allahabad stupa inscriptions tells us about whose rule ?
(A) Cholas
(B) Simuka
(C) Pallavas
(D) Satavahanas
8) The period of Gautamiputra Satakarni is
(A) AD 100 to AD 104
(B) AD 80 to AD 104
(C) AD 40 to AD 104
(D) AD 80 to AD 180
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9) Why did Sri Satakarni I conducted Ashvamedha ?
(A)To Celebrate the victory of the Malwa
(B) Add pride to satavahanas
(C) To rule
(D) None of these
10) Which is the capital of the Satavahanas?
(A) Pratishtana
(B) Nasik
(C) Amravati
(D) Both (A) and (C)
South Indian Kingdoms – Pallavas - Questions
1) The Kalabhras period of Tamil Nadu
(A) AD 300 - 600
(B) AD 400 - 800
(C) AD 300 - 400
(D) AD 200 - 600
2) Which of the following statements is not the correct statement about the origin
of the Pallava?
(A) Origin from Parthians
(B) Feudatories of satavahanas
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(C) Those who come from the clan of the Kalabhras
(D) Natives of tondaimandalam
3) What is the capital of the Pallavas?
(A) Thanjavur
(B) Kanchipuram
(C) Mamallapuram
(D) Vengi
4) Who invaded kalabhras and firmly established the pallava rule in
tondaimandalam ?
(A) Mahendravarman I
(B) Simhavishnu
(C) Narasimhamvarman I
(D) Narasimhavarman II
5) Who is called as 'Avanisimha'?
A) Mahendravarman I
(B) Simhavishnu
(C) Narasimhamvarman I
(D) Narasimhavarman II
6) Who influenced Mahendravarman to the conversion of saivism?
(A) Appar
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(B) Sundarar
(C) Manikavasagar
(D) Simhavishnu
7) Who built the two cities of Mahendravadi and Mahendramangalam?
(A) Mahendravarman I
(B) Simhavishnu
(C) Narasimhamvarman I
(D) Narasimhavarman II
8) Which of the following statements is / are correct?
1) Mahadevarman Iwas the first son of Narasimhavarman I.
2) Narsimhavarman was called by the name of Mamallan.
3) Mamallan means a great wrestler.
4) Pallava King Mahendravarman, who was known as Vatapi Kondan.
5) The Chinese traveler Hieun Tsang came to Kanchi during the reign of
Mahendravarman.
6) Narasimhavarman I was called as Rajasimha.
7) Narasimhamvarman was the first to fight twice in Ceylon.
(A) 1, 2, 3
(B) 2, 3, 4
(C) 2, 3, 7
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(D) 1, 4, 5, 6
9) Who built the Monolithic rathas in Mamallapuram?
(A) Narasimhavarman I
(B) Narasimhavarman II
(C) Mahendravarman III
(D) Parameswarvarman II
10) In which language Dandi alangram was written by Dandi ?
(A) Tamil
(B) Telugu
(C) Sanskrit
(D) Hindi
11) Which of the following is a wrong match ?
(A) Mahendravarman I - AD 630 -650
(B) Narasimhavarman I - AD 630 - 668
(C) Narasimha Varman II - AD 691 - 728
(D) Parameswaran II - AD 728 - 731
12) Which pallava king was defeated b Vikramaditya II ?
(A) Narasimhavarman I
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(B) Narasimhavarman II
(C) Mahendravarman III
(D) Parameswarvarman II
13) During pallava reign the Ghatika means?
(A) Members of the public and members in court
(B) Educational Stations / Centers
(C) Groups with Minister
(D) Temples
14) In whose court Dandi was present ?
(A) Narasimhavarman I
(B) Narasimhavarman II
(C) Mahendravarman III
(D) Parameswarvarman II
15) In battle of Tellaru the pandian king srivallan lost and which of these king is
called tellaru nandivarman
(A) Nandivarman II
(B) Narsimhavarman I
(C) Nandivarman III
(D) Narasimhavarman II
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16) Which alwar belongs to the period of Nandivarman II?
(A) Namm alwar
(B) Periyalvar
(C) Thirumangai Alwar
(D) Andal
17) Which god was worshipped by Nandivarman II ?
(A) Vishnu
(B) Brahma
(C) Shiva
(D) Indhra
18) Which Chola king defeated the last Pallava King Aparajitavarman?
(A) Aditya I
(B) Rajarajan
(C) Parantaka II
(D) Parantaka I
19) Which of the following Pallava management system is arranged in descending
order?
(A) Urs - Nadus - Vishayas - Rashtram
(B) Rashtram - Vishayas - Nadus - Urs
(C) Nadus - Vishayas - Urs - Rashtram
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(D) Rashtram - Vishayas - Urs – Nadus
20) Which of the following statements is /are correct ?
1) The lowest unit of the Pallava administration is the village.
2) The village asseemblies were in charge of the village administration.
3) Variyams were set up for the development of villages.
4) During the Pallava period, there were civil and criminal courts.
(A) 1 only
(B) 2 only
(C) 3 only
(D) All of these
21) Who is the author of 'BhagavadViyugam'?
(A) Mahendravarman I
(B) Narasimhavarman II
(C) Mahendravarman III
(D) Parameswarvarman II
22) Who killed the Parameswara varman?
(A) Chalukyas
(B) Sungas
(C) Cheras
(D) Khilji
23) Match the following
1) Kiratarjuniya - Perundevanar
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2) Avanti Sundari Katacharam - Bharavi
3) Mattavilasa prahasana - Dandi
4) Bharata Venpa - Mahendravarman I
(A) 4 3 2 1
(B) 2 3 4 1
(C) 3 2 1 4
(D) 1 2 3 4
24) In pallava period Architecture is divided into how many types?
(A) Two
(B) Three
(C) Four
(D) Five
25) Which of the following statements is / are wrong?
1) The Rock cut temples were built during the Mahendravarman I period.
2) The second type of Monolithic rathas and mandapas.
3) The third typeis the structural temple in rajasimha style.
4) The fourth type is also the structural temple continued by pallavas .
5) The Mamallapuram Beach Temple is an example of construction of temples.
(A) 1, 3
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(B) 2, 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
26) Who is the Pallava King has been praised as 'Sithirakarapuli and
sankiranavathi’ ?
(A) Mahendravarman I
(B) Narasimhavarman I
(C) Narasimhavarman II
(D) Parameswarvarman II
27) Which of the following statement is a correct match ?
(A) Rock cut temples - Mutheswarar Vaikunda Perumal
(B) Monolithic rathas - Mamallapuram
(C) Rajasimha type - Mamandur, Sivagangur, Seymangalam, Trichy,
Thirakkalakkugandam, Mahendravati
(D) Construction temples - Kailasanathar Temple, Shore Temple.
28) The paintings on the Kanchi Kailasanathar temple belongs to whose period?
(A) Satavahanas
(B) Pallavas
(C) Cholas
(D) Pandya
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29) Who is the author of 'Mattavilasa Prahasana'?
(A) Narasimhavarman I
(B) Mahendravarman I
(C) ParameswaravarmanII
(D) Rajasimha
30) Where is the Vaikunda Perumal temple?
(A) Ellora
(B) Kanchipuram
(C) Kumbakonam
(D) Mamallapuram
31) The songs written by the Alvaras and Nayanmars belongs to whose period ?
(A) Chalukyas
(B) Cholas
(C) Pallavas
(D) Pandya
32) Where is the Muktheeswara temple?
(A) Ellora
(B) Kanchipuram
(C) Kumbakonam
(D) Mamallapuram
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33) Shore Temple in Mamallapuram is a type of
(A) Construction temples
(B) Rajasimha
(C) Rock cut temples
(D) None of these
34) During whose reign was the Chinese traveler Hieun Tsang visited Kanchi?
(A) paramesvaravarman I
(B) Nandivarman I
(C) Narasimhavarman I
(D) Mahendravarman I
35) Nandi Kalambagam was written during whose period?
(A) Chalukyas
(B) Cholas
(C) Pallavas
(D) Pandya