GENETICSBY Odessa Jasmine Quidit &

Roseann Nenita Marasigan

HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENETICS AS

SCIENCE

- a discipline of biology.-the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms and deals with the molecular structure and function of genes, gene behavior in context of a cell.

GENETICS

HYBRIDIZATION-to produce offspring from two organisms of a different variety, breed or species.-It can be induced naturally, such as the natural crossbreeding of two different flower varieties through wind pollination, or manipulated through genetic implantations by humans. Humans can manipulate genetics to create hybrids by either placing two different species of an animal or plant on the same confinement and waiting for them to breed, or implanting hybridized genes into a developing fetus or sex cell.

CONTRIBUTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT

OF GENETICS

Gregor Johann Mendel

-scientist and Augustinian friar who gained posthumous fame as the founder of the new science of genetics. -Mendel demonstrated that the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance.-Gregor Mendel, who is known as the "father of modern genetics."

Hugo Marie de Vries

 -Dutch botanist and one of the first geneticists. He is known chiefly for suggesting the concept of genes, rediscovering the laws of heredity in the 1890s while unaware of Gregor Mendel's work, for introducing the term "mutation", and for developing a mutation theory of evolution.

William Bateson

-English geneticist and a Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. He was the first person to use the term genetics to describe the study of heredity and biological inheritance, and the chief populariser of the ideas of Gregor Mendel following their rediscovery in 1900 by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns.

 -He was an American geneticist Sturtevant constructed the first genetic map of a chromosome in 1913. Throughout his career he worked on the organism Drosophila melanogaster with Thomas Hunt Morgan. By watching the development of flies in which the earliest cell division produced two different genomes, he measured the embryonic distance between organs in a unit which is called the sturt in his honor. In 1967, Sturtevant received the National Medal of Science.

Alfred Henry Sturtevant

-Fisher was an ardent promoter of eugenics, which also stimulated and guided much of his work in the genetics of humans. His book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection was started in 1928 and published in 1930. It contained a summary of what was already known to the literature. He developed ideas on sexual selection, mimicry and the evolution of dominance.

Ronald Aylmer Fisher

-He famously showed that the probability of a mutation increasing the fitness of an organism decreases proportionately with the magnitude of the mutation. He also proved that larger populations carry more variation so that they have a larger chance of survival. He set forth the foundations of what was to become known as population genetics.

Frederick Griffith

-was a British bacteriologist whose focus was the epidemiology and pathology of bacterial pneumonia.-He showed that Streptococcus pneumoniae, implicated in many cases of lobar pneumonia, could transform from one strain into a different strain. The observation was attributed to an unidentified transforming principle or transforming factor. This was later identified as DNA.

BRANCHES OF GENETICS

1. Behavioral Genetics- examines the role of genetics in animal (including human) behavior.

2. Classical Genetics- consists of the technique and methodologies of genetics that predate the advent of molecular biology.

3. Conservation Genetics- interdisciplinary science that aims to apply genetic methods to the conservation and restoration of biodiversity.

4. Ecological Genetics- study of genetics in natural populations.

5. Genomics- discipline in genetics concerning the study of the genomes of organisms.

METHODS OF GENETIC STUDY

1. Animal Husbandry- the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock.

2. Plant Breeding- make use of a plant experiment to know how a trait is passed from generation to generation.

3. Multiple-locus testing

4. Pedigree Analysis- analysis of the members of the family.Pictorial representation of the members of the family.5. Karyotyping- detect the number of chromosomes and chromosomal abnormalities.

APPLICATIONS OF STUDYING GENETICS

1. Genetic Counseling- is the process by which patients or relatives, at risk of an inherited disorder, are advised of the consequences and nature of the disorder, the probability of developing or transmitting it, and the options open to them in management and family planning. This complex process can be separated into diagnostic (the actual estimation of risk) and supportive aspects

2. Field of Medicine-example: Gene therapy -is the use of DNA as a pharmaceutical agent to treat disease. It derives its name from the idea that DNA can be used to supplement or alter genes within an individual’s cells as a therapy to treat disease. The most common form of gene therapy involves using DNA that encodes a functional, therapeutic gene in order to replace a mutated gene.

…genetics is life…T-H-E E-N-D