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Historical Context
People• Greeks (Anaximander)• Darwin/Wallace• Linnaeus• De Lamarck• Malthus• Cuvier
Concepts• “Scala natura”• “Lower vs. higher”
or “Derived vs. primitive”• “Ex nihlio”• “Archetypes”
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Morphology
Homology Analogy
Homoplasy
• Ancestry• Appearance• Function
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How are vertebrates arranged spatially that differs from urochordates (adult tunicates), sea stars and sponges?
The Vertebrate Body Plan
http://www.westworld.com/~fabio/gallery/bonaire-purple-tube-sponge.htmhttp://imagesource.art.com/images/-/Michael-Aw/Royal-Blue-Tunicate-Rhopalaea-Sp-West-Nusa-Tenggara-Indonesia--C10255325.jpeg
http://home.vicnet.net.au/~ricketts/photos.htm
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The Vertebrate Body PlanSymmetry:
*
*
*
http://www.yachigusaryu.com/blog/pics/top_ten_principles/10/image003.jpg
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The Vertebrate Body PlanVertebrate phylogeny:
*Vertebrates are a subtaxa of the phylum _________*The “Big 4” are characteristics shared by this phylum.
*Not all chordates are created equal…
What are the 4 characteristics?
http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biog105/labs/deuts/chordates.html
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The Vertebrate Body PlanVertebrate phylogeny:
*Craniate Characteristics
*Vertebrate Characteristics
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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The Vertebrate Body PlanRegional differentiation:
* (What specialized structures occur here? )
* Coelom; lining is…Viscera; lining is…Thorax and abdomen (in some taxa)
* (_________)(What structures likely absent? What’s present? )
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The Vertebrate Body Plan________________
*During some stage of development (_____________)
Usually replaced by segmented vertebral column
http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=19-21&File_type=GIF
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The Vertebrate Body Plan_______________________
•*
(Which vertebrates rely on gills, which use lungs? )*Some animals (Protochordates) use gill and slits for …
Nature Genetics 27, 286 - 291 (2001) doi:10.1038/85845 DiGeorge syndrome phenotype in mice mutant for the T-box gene, Tbx1Loydie A. Jerome & Virginia E. Papaioannou
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The Vertebrate Body Plan_________________________
* *
http://www.nesc.k12.in.us/union/Mr.%20Sly/Earthworm%20Dissection/earthworm%20images.htm
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The Vertebrate Body PlanOther Craniate characteristics
*
From these a number of specialized structures are derived:
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The Vertebrate Body PlanOther Craniate characteristics
* *
* OviparityOvoviviparityEuvivparity
* ClosedDiffering cardiac anatomyLymphatics
http://pzavislak.googlepages.com/PlanarianBright.jpg
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The Vertebrate Body PlanOther Craniate characteristics
* More common with invertebrates… vertebrates display this feature primarily in skeletal, muscular and nervous systems
* Axial/CranialAppendicular from 2 girdles
* SkeletalCardiacSmooth(Which of these synapse with motor neurons? )
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Evolutionary morphology
• Preadaptation• Remodeling• Bean stalks and Bushes
(Fig. 1.21)
• Grades and clades• Abundance phylogeny
(Fig. 1.25)
• Cladistics
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Paleontology
• Formation of fossils• Recovery & restoration• Fossil dating
– Stratigraphy– Index fossils– Radiometric– Geological ages