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Highly Charged Ion Astrophysics
in the Laboratory:
A New User Facility at
Clemson University
Chad E. Sosolik
Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
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Clemson’s New User Facility
Highly charged ion (HCI) production
◦ Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT)
Ion extraction and transport
◦ Custom beamline
HCI-materials interactions
◦ UHV vacuum chambers (target, prep, etc.)
◦ Measurement/Detection tools
ions, electrons, mass loss, x-rays
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Proposal – MRI-R2
Five Emphasis Areas
◦ Surface and Interface Nanoscience
◦ Electronic Materials and Devices
◦ Fusion-Relevant Materials Studies
◦ Laboratory Astrophysics
◦ Radiation Effects on Electronics
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Proposal – MRI-R2
Building a User/Collaborator Base Five Emphasis Areas
◦ Surface and Interface Nanoscience
◦ Electronic Materials and Devices
◦ Fusion-Relevant Materials Studies
◦ Laboratory Astrophysics
◦ Radiation Effects on Electronics
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Clemson University
Electron Beam Ion Trap (CUEBIT)
Funded (March 15, 2010)
◦ National Science Foundation
Equipment/Facilities Funds ($1.65 million)
◦ Clemson University
Staff Operator/Technician (search soon!)
Fully renovated laboratory space (in progress)
Three years of committed shop time
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The EBIT in CUEBIT
Mort Levine and Ross Marrs with the first EBIT at LLNL.
Born 29 October 1986
LLNL
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The EBIT in CUEBIT
A Penning trap with an intense, monoenergetic,
electron beam down the axis.
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The EBIT in CUEBIT
Energy
(q*V)
X (position)
E1
(200 V)
E2
(100 V)
E3
(200 V)
B field
Trapped Ions
(or electrons)
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Highly Charged Ions
Definition(s)
◦ An atom missing more than 1or 2 electrons
◦ An atom missing several dozen electrons
◦ Any atom that has been stripped of a large
number of electrons (Q » 1) such that the
total energy yielded during reneutralization
(E0) is outside the realm of ordinary
experience with laboratory ions (E0 » 10 eV)Ref: J.D. Gillaspy, J. Phys. B. 34, R93 (2001).
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Highly Charged Ions
Neutralization Energy
◦ the sum of all the ionization energies of the
charge states at and below the ion
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Highly Charged Ions
Neutralization Energy
Xenon(isonuclearsequence)
Hydrogen(scaled)
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Highly Charged Ions
Neutralization Energy
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HCI-Materials Interactions
The Basic Picture
q+
q-
e-e-
e-
x-rayx-ray
Resonant
neutralization
e- and x-ray
emission
Desorption and
sputtering
e-
“hollow atom”
q+
q-
e-e-
e-
x-rayx-ray
Resonant
neutralization
e- and x-ray
emission
Desorption and
sputtering
e-
“hollow atom”
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CUEBIT: The Plan
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CUEBIT: The Plan
HCI Beam
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CUEBIT: The Plan
HCI Beam
X-rays
Electrons
Sputtered Particles
Scattered Ion/Atoms
Real-time mass loss
Sample control (heated/cooled)
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HCIs: Laboratory Astrophysics
Cosmic chronometers (Cosmochronometry)
◦ time span of nucleosynthesis in our galaxy
◦ Example: decay products of Re-187 in meteorites
Neutral Re – half life of 4.2 x 109 yrs
Highly ionized Re – half life of 33 yrs
Ref: F. Bosch et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 5190(1996).
◦ Decay proceeds more rapidly through electron capture
than escape
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HCIs: Laboratory Astrophysics
X-ray astrophysics
◦ radiation encountered is signature of complex events
exploding stars, matter falling into black holes
highly ionized matter
◦ Two facts:
Earth’s atmosphere is opaque to x-rays
HCIs don’t occur naturally on Earth
◦ How do you test detectors and the theoretical models
used to interpret your data?
............with an EBIT............
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HCIs: Laboratory Astrophysics
Charge Exchange Measurements
◦ Neutral gas injected into the EBIT
◦ Detection of emitted X-rays
Comet in a lab
Charge exchange between O8+, Ne10+ and various targets (e.g.
H20, CH4, and CO2)
Ref: S. Otranto, R.E. Olson, andP. Beiersdorfer, Phys. Rev. A 73, 022723(2006)
Absolute excitation cross sections
Calibration of intensity ratios
the 3d-2p to 3s-2p transitions in neon-like Fe16+
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HCIs: Laboratory Astrophysics
Materials synthesis in space
◦ Nanodiamond dust postulated in the interstellar medium
Related to spectral signature of quasars
Ref: L. Binette et al., Ap. J. 631, 661(2005).
Found in meteorites
◦ HCI irradiation of graphite (in the laboratory)
Nanoscale diamond-like structure formation
Ref: E. Sideras-Haddad et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 267, 2774 (2005).
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CUEBIT: What should we plan for?
HCI Beam
X-rays
Electrons
Sputtered Particles
Scattered Ion/Atoms
Real-time mass loss
Sample control (heated/cooled)
From the NSF-MRI-R2 proposal:
“We will: i) operate as a user facility for ground-based exposures of astrophysically
relevant surfaces, and ii) conduct fundamental research into astrophysical ices and dust
on supported substrates as they relate to the evolution of interstellar matter. ”
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CUEBIT: What should we plan for?
HCI Beam
X-rays
Electrons
Sputtered Particles
Scattered Ion/Atoms
Real-time mass loss
Sample control (heated/cooled)
Thanks to
◦ The Organizers
◦ National Science Foundation
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Highly Charged Ion Astrophysics
in the Laboratory:
A New User Facility at
Clemson University
Chad E. Sosolik
Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
Email: [email protected]
864-656-0310