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Nitroglycerin
High Explosives
O NO
OON
O
O
ONO
O
nitroglycerin
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Nitroglycerin
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Nitroglycerin
What happens when a high explosive detonates?
• There is not time for the gasses to move away from the center. But as they do so, the velocity is such that a vacuum is created at the center of the explosion.
• At the onset, a shock wave is created that travels through the material at 10,000 meters/sec (6.2 miles/sec).
• Presume that the material is a sphere with a diameter of 0.1 meter and that reaction starts in the center. The result is that the shock wave has passed through the material in 10 micro seconds.
• Within that time frame all of the explosive is converted to the elements which immediately combine to form gaseous products.
• In this short period, pressures can reach 500,000 times atmospheric with temperatures in excess of 5500 ˚C about the same as the surface of the sun.
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Nitroglycerin
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Nitroglycerin
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Nitroglycerin
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Nitroglycerin
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Nitroglycerin
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Nitroglycerin
High Explosives
O NO
OON
O
O
ONO
O
CO + CO2 + N2 + H2O + O2
3 C + 3 N + 5 H + 9 O
nitroglycerin
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NitroglycerinO + metal metal oxide
O + C CO
O + 2H H2O
O + CO CO2
Remaining O H N O2, H2, N2
O NO
OON
O
O
ONO
O
nitroglycerin
3 C + 3 N + 5 H + 9 O
3 CO 3 N + 5 H + 6 O+
2.5 H2O 3 N + 3.5 O+
1.5 N2 + 1.75 O2
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Nitroglycerin
Nitrocellulose TNT (trinitrotoluene) Acetone peroxide
Ammonium nitrate
NH4NO3
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Nitroglycerin
The Grandcamp cargo of ammonium nitrate
catches fire
The captain forces steam into the cargo holds hoping to snuff the fire-melts the ammonium nitrate
and increases the temperature to the detonation temperature (850 ˚F). In addition fuel oil may have leaked from adjacent holds into the molten cargo.
Today, the most used explosive is a combination of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil
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Nitroglycerin
5 ton anchor thrown 1/2 mile inland
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Nitroglycerin
HMX (High Melting eXplosive, Her Majesty's eXplosive,
High-velocity Military eXplosive, or High-Molecular-weight rdX)
RDX Research Department Explosive CL-20 (not yet commercial)
PETN
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Nitroglycerin
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Nitroglycerin
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Nitroglycerin
Philip Eaton synthesis 1999
C8N8O16 8 CO2 + 4 N2
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Nitroglycerin
Approx 5 g of nickel hydrazine perchlorate derivative, ground in a mortar and pestle
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Nitroglycerin
Alfred Nobel, born 1833, died of stroke 1896
Five signs of a stroke: • sudden numbness; • slurred speech; • blurred vision; • dizziness; • severe headache.
You have at most 4 hours to clear blockage (with TPA)!and revive dying brain cells.
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Nitroglycerin
TPA: Tissue plasminogen activator As an enzyme, it catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen!to plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for clot breakdown.
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Nitroglycerin
Alfred Nobel, born 1833, died of stroke 1896
Alfred Nobel’s brother Emil was killed in an explosion during production of nitroglycerin.
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Nitroglycerin
After his brothers death, Nobel sought to tame nitroglycerin
Often, diluting an explosive will reduce its shock and temperature sensitivity
Nobel tried many mixtures but nitroglycerin + diatomaceous earth works best = dynamite
The skeleton of a diatom, composed of amorphous silica (SiO2.nH2O)
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Nitroglycerin
Ammonium nitrateNH4NO3 2 H2O + N2 + 0.5 O2 O + metal metal oxide
O + C CO
O + 2H H2O
O + CO CO2
Remaining O H N O2, H2, N2
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Nitroglycerin
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Nitroglycerin
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Nitroglycerin