Download - Hierarchy of Biological Organization
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Hierarchy of Biological
Organization
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Transport & Exchange (Circulation & Respiration)
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Cardiovascular System - transports materialsWhat materials?
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Components of Blood Read about “The Components of the Blood” and answer the questions about each blood component
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Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
What do red blood cells transport?
What protein do red blood cells contain?
Do red blood cells have a nucleus and organelles?
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Anemia? Have low amount of hemoglobin or low number of red blood cells.
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White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
What do white blood cells do for us?
Do white blood cells have a nucleus?
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Leukemia? Cancer of white blood cells or bone marrow
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Platelets Fragments of cells that are found in bone marrow.
What do platelets do for us?
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Hemophilia? When excessive bleeding occurs.
Caused by genetic mutation in genes that produce clotting factors.
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Plasma What is the major component of plasma?
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Blood Vessels
Arteries carry blood in what direction?
Veins?
Read “Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries”
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Capillaries – smallest blood vessels
What vessel types do capillaries connect?
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Capillaries – smallest blood vessels
Why do we need capillaries?
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Basic Circulation
What kind of blood does the left side of heart pump?
Where does it pump it to?
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Basic Circulation
What kind of blood does the right side of heart pump?
Where does it pump it to?
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Which side of the heart has to pump harder? Why?
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Heart Structure
Right atrium & right ventricle pump ____________ blood to _______.
Left atrium & left ventricle pump ___________ blood to __________.
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Heart Structure
Which chamber has to pump the hardest? Why?
Warning: Next slide is graphic!
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Path of Circulation
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Why doesn’t blood flow backward in heart?
Valves between chambers prevent backflow
‘lub’ = valves closing between atria & ventricles
‘dub’ = valves closing between ventricles & arteries
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How do heart muscle cells create coordinated contractions?
Muscle cells produce electrical signals that cause contraction.
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How do the 4 heart chambers coordinate contractions?
Pacemaker - cluster of specialized heart muscle cells produce spontaneous electrical signals at a regular rate
(pacemaker)
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How will these chemicals affect heart rate?
Caffeine?
Alcohol?
Nicotine? Epinephrine/Adrenaline?
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Blood PressureThe force of blood pushing against artery walls
Your blood pressure is at its highest when heart beats, pumping blood = systolic pressure
When heart is at rest, between beats, blood pressure falls = diastolic pressure
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How is Blood Pressure Measured?
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Why is understanding blood pressure important?
What does high blood pressure mean?
Is this healthy for your vessels?
Does this increase or decrease the chances of a stroke, heart attack & kidney problems?
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What causes high blood pressure?
The constriction of arteries!
Causes resistance to blood flow & strain on heart.
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The Heart’s Own Blood Supply
The heart is a large muscle that also needs its own blood supply
Blood to heart muscle cells is supplied by the _____________ .
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Complete blockage of one these arteries results in a ______________.
As a result of blockage, blood supply can be cut off and heart muscle cells die. When too many heart muscle cells die, the heart is no longer able to function properly.
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20 % of all deaths in U.S caused by blockage of these coronary arteries.
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Treatments for Clogged Coronary Arteries
Coronary Bypass Stenting
Watch “How Many Heartbeats Do We Get?” if you want to learn more about the heart.
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Respiratory System - obtains oxygen & gets rid of carbon dioxide
- Defends body against invasion
- Produces sounds for speaking
- Regulates blood volume & pressure
- Controls body pH
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Structure of Respiratory System
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BreathingWhat does the diaphragm do?
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Oxygen breathed into lungs diffuses into capillaries while CO2diffuses from capillaries into lungs
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Red blood cells (hemoglobin) transport ___________ & __________
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CO2 + H2O H2CO3
carbonic acid
What happens to the pH of your blood as CO2builds up?
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Circulation & Respiration
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Circulation & Respiration
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Effects of Smoking
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20 minutes after quitting, your blood pressure drops to a level close to that before the last cigarette and the temperature of your hands and feet increases to normal
8 hours after quitting, carbon monoxide levels in the blood drop to normal
24 hours after quitting, chance of heart attack decreases
2 weeks to 3 months after quitting, circulation improves and lung function increases up to 30%
5 years after quitting, stroke risk is reduced to that of a nonsmoker
15 years after quitting, risk of coronary heart disease is that of a nonsmoker
http://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/outreach/smoking.aspx
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How Altitude Affects Respiration
At high altitudes the air is much thinner than at sea level. As a result, a person inhales fewer oxygen molecules with each breath.
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How Altitude Affects Respiration
Hypoxia - condition created by a diminished supply of oxygen to body tissues
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How Altitude Affects Respiration
Three High-Altitude Peoples, Three Adaptations to Thin AirNational Geographic News, February 25, 2004
Indigenous highlanders living:
1. In the Andean Altiplano in South America
2. In the Tibetan Plateau in Asia
3. At the highest elevations of the Ethiopian Highlands in east Africa
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How Altitude Affects Respiration
Three High-Altitude Peoples, Three Adaptations to Thin Air
What are some adaptations that one could have to help them live in this “low” oxygen environment?
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1. Andean Altiplano in South America
= Have higher hemoglobin concentrations in blood than people at sea level
2. Tibetan Plateau in Asia
= Take more breaths/minute than people who live at sea level
3. Ethiopian Highlands in east Africa
= Don't breathe more rapidly and do not have higher hemoglobin counts than sea-level people. ???