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Herbivores
What is herbivore?
A herbivore is an animal that gets its energy from eating plantsspecial digestive systems
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae
Equidae
Tapiridae
Rhinocerotidae
Elephants
Artiodactyla(Even-Toe ungulates)
SuinaSuidae
Hippopotamidae
Ruminantia
Camellidae
Tragulidae
Giraffidae
Cervidae
Antilocapridae
Bovidae
Perissodactyla(Odd-Toe ungulates)
Equines,
Tapir,
Rhinoceroses
Tylopoda
Tragulina
Swines,Hippopotamus
Camels & Llamas
Tragulus
Giraffes, Cervids,
Antilopes, Bovines,
Caprines, Antlopes
Etc.
Herbivore Taxonomy
Cetartiodactyla
www.ultimateungulate.com
= Odd- Toe ungulates (สัตวกีบคี่)
-Enlarged central digit carriesmost of body weight (mesaxonic)
-Canine teeth reduced or absent
-Simple stomachs with largecaecum
-Hind gut fermentation
Order Perissodactyla Order Artiodactyla
= Even- Toe ungulates (สัตวกีบคู)
- Two enlarged digits share the weight ofthe body about equally (paraxonic)
- Upper incisors and canines lost or reduced
- Rumination- Males (and sometimes females) have
weaponry : tusks, antler, horns
Order Perissodactyla
Order Artiodactyla
Odd- toed & Even- toed
A. Odd- toed
B. Even- toed
1.1 1.2
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae
Equidae
Tapiridae
Rhinocerotidae
Elephants
Artiodactyla(Even-Toe ungulates)
SuinaSuidae
Hippopotamidae
Ruminantia
Camellidae
Tragulidae
Giraffidae
Cervidae
Antilocapridae
Bovidae
Perissodactyla(Odd-Toe ungulates)
Equines,
Tapir,
Rhinoceroses
Tylopoda
Tragulina
Swines,Hippopotamus
Camels & Llamas
Tragulus
Giraffes, Cervids,
Antilopes, Bovines,
Caprines, Antlopes
Etc.
Herbivore Taxonomy
Family Equidae-Zebra
-Wild horse
- Donkey / Ass
Order Perissodactyla
Restraint• Danger : เตะ, กัด
• Physical Restraint : เหมาะกบั domestic horse
(ไมเหมาะกบั Wild horse และ Zebra)
• Chemical Restraint :
Oral sedation – Acepromazine granule 0.5-1.5 mg/kg
Parental sedation – Acepromazine, Detomidine, Medetomidine
•Immobilization
-Acepromazine 0.1 mg/kg + 15 min.Xylazine HCl 1.1 mg/kg
- Zoletil 1.5-3.5 mg/kg
Common diseases / Problems
• Non infectious diseases
1) Sand colic / enterolithe
2) Hoof problem
3) Trauma (induce tetanus)
4) Capture myopathy
5) Obesity
Sand colic / enterolitheCause : ingestion of sand from floor
Sign: colic, toxemia, hypovolumic shock
Treatment : supportive - fluid therapy, ABO, lubricant (mild)
Hoof problem
Infectious diseases• Same as horse …See Equine Medicine !• Glander, Equine Encephalomyelitis, Tetanus
• Parasites : Strongylus (Strongyles), Strongyloides(Thread worm), Oxyuris (pin worm), Thelazia (eye) etc.
A. Donkey
B. Zebra
Suitable for ?
Family Rhinoceridaeมี 5 สายพันธุ
1. White Rhino*** (Square-lip, 2 horns, grazer)
2. Black Rhino* (Hooked or pointed-lip, 2 horns, browser)
3. Indian Rhino** (greater one horn)
4. Sumatra Rhino* (smallest, 2 horns, browser)
5. Java Rhino* (one horn)
*Critically Endangered**Endangered***Vulnerable
Order Perissodactyla
แรดเปน nocturnal มีนิ้วเทา 3 นิ้วทั้งหนาและหลงัเปนสตัวกระเพาะเดี่ยว มี caecum เจริญดีนอ สรางจาก keratin มีการเจริญตลอดชีวิตของแรดถานอหัก จะงอกใหมไดการงอกของนอแรด : 1-3 นิว้ ตอปsolitary animals, with the exception of mothers and calves, and breeding pairs White Rhinos sometimes live in groups of up to 14(generally comprised mostly of females)
Indian Rhino present in both adult males and females,but not on the newborn.The horn of the Java Rhino differs between the males and females, with the females horn are stubby and knob like, or they have no horn at all. hairless, hazy gray skin fall into folds into the shoulder, back, and rump giving it an armored-like appearance.
Indian rhino
One horn
Java rhino
Sumatra rhinoWhite rhino Black rhino
Sumatran Rhino is the smallest of the remaining five species of RhincerosMost fur (survive at very high altitudes of Sumatra & Borneo)
Two horn
Which one is the white rhinoceros?
Special concernEnclosure
• Bars should be vertical (prevent horn avulsions)
• Bars can be about 0.5 m apart
• Provide mud for skin care and insect protection
Restraint•Danger : ชน (นอ), เหยยีบ, กัด
•Physical Restraint : restraint chute, translocation box
• Chemical Restraint :• Etorphine 0.5-0.85 mg (standing anesthesia)• Etorphine 2.5-4 mg + Xylazine 100 mg (recumbency)
•Injection site : คอ และ ตนขาดานใน (epidermis บางสุด)
Common diseases / Problems• Non infectious diseases
1) Skin problem from biting
2) Pododermatitis
3) Abscess in lower jaw area
4) Ulcerative stomatitis (stress)
5) Post-capture death
Infectious diseases
LeptospirosisSalmonellosisPseudomonas and E.coli induced enteririsTBPneumoniaClostridiumParasitic infection:
Family Tapiridae-Malayan tapir (South east asia)
-Brazilian tapir (south america)
-Mountain tapir (south america)
-Baird’s tapir (central america)
Order Perissodactyla
IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group
นิ้วเทาหนา 4 นิ้ว เทาหลัง 3 นิ้วกระเพาะเดี่ยว Caecum ใหญแตสั้นลูกมีลายเหมือนแตงไทย แตเริ่มจางลงเมื่ออายุ 5 เดือน และจะเปลี่ยนเปนสีเหมือนพอแมเมื่ออายุ 1 ป
Special concern • Poor jumper but strong climber
• Excessive sunlight : ocular and dermatological problems
• Two important things: Shading and water
RestraintDanger : กัด
Physical Restraint : restraint chute, เกา ลบู นวด บริเวณหลงั ซอกขา คางและคอChemical Restraint :
Etorphine 1.8 mg Ketamine / xylazine
IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group
Common disease and problems
• Non infectious disease
1) Constipation
2) Rectal prolapse
3) Corneal opacity
4) Wound & laceration
Rectal prolapseinsufficient water
constipation
Severe labour
Rectal prolapse
Corneal opacity
Expose to severe light
Corneal opaque / corneal ulcer
Blindness
Infectious disease
• Lumpy jaw / mandibular abscess
• Salmonellosis
• Parasite infection :Sarcoptic mange,Strongyloides, Ascarids, Balantidium, Giardia
Important thing for Tapir ?
A. Vertical bar , MudB. Water, Shading
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae
Equidae
Tapiridae
Rhinocerotidae
Elephants
Artiodactyla(Even-Toe ungulates)
SuinaSuidae
Hippopotamidae
Ruminantia
Camellidae
Tragulidae
Giraffidae
Cervidae
Antilocapridae
Bovidae
Perissodactyla(Odd-Toe ungulates)
Equines,
Tapir,
Rhinoceroses
Tylopoda
Tragulina
Swines,Hippopotamus
Camels & Llamas
Tragulus
Giraffes, Cervids,
Antilopes, Bovines,
Caprines, Antilopes
Etc.
Herbivore Taxonomy
•Suborder Suiformes
มีกระเพาะแบงออกเปน 2-3 chamber แตไมมีการ fermentation
ไดแก Pig, Wild pig, Peccary, Hippopotamus
•Suborder Tylopodaมีกระเพาะแบงออกเปน 3 chamber และมีการ fermentation
ไดแก Camel, Llama, Alpaca, Guanaco
•Suborder Ruminantia
มีกระเพาะแบงออกเปน 4 chamber มีการ fermentation
Order Artiodactyla
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae
Equidae
Tapiridae
Rhinocerotidae
Elephants
Artiodactyla(Even-Toe ungulates)
SuinaSuidae
Hippopotamidae
Ruminantia
Camellidae
Tragulidae
Giraffidae
Cervidae
Antilocapridae
Bovidae
Perissodactyla(Odd-Toe ungulates)
Equines,
Tapir,
Rhinoceroses
Tylopoda
Tragulina
Swines,Hippopotamus
Camels & Llamas
Tragulus
Giraffes, Cervids,
Antilopes, Bovines,
Caprines, Antilopes
Etc.
Herbivore Taxonomy
Order Artiodactyla
Suborder Suiformes
•Family Suidae ไดแก Wild pig, Pig
•Family Tayassuidae ไดแก Peccary
Restraint• Danger : long sharp canine teeth
• Physical Restraint : snare, squeeze cage
•Chemical Restraint :
Zoletil
Zoletil + xylazine
ขอควรระวัง : hypoxia
Common diseases / Problems
• Infectious diseases
1) African swine fever
2) Rinderpest
3) Hog cholera
4) Rabies & Pseudorabies
5) Brucellosis
6) Mycobacterium
7) Parasite infection : Ascarid, Trichinella, Coccidia
See Swine Medicine !
Order Artiodactyla
Family HippopotamidaeSuborder Suiformes
Nile hippotamus•Sweat blood
•Territorial (only water)
•Solitary : graze at night
•Body wt. : 1300-1500 kg.
Pygmy hippopotamus•Clear sweat (pale pink)
•Less social / aggressive
•Forest inhabitat
•Body wt. : 200-250 kg.
Special characteristic•Thick skin (3cm.)
•Blood sweat :
•lack of true sebaceous glands
•Large subdermal glands produce pigmented secretion (red & orange)
Special concern
•Most of time are in the water
•Pool should be deepen at least 1.5 -2.5 m.
•Shallow pool for pregnant female (usually calve in water)
Restraint• Danger : big canine teeth, attack , เหยยีบ
• Physical Restraint : Training for restraint chute
•Chemical Restraint :
Etorphine HCl
ระวัง : จมน้ํา
ตําแหนงที่เหมาะสม : ดานในขาหลัง
หลังใบห ูสะโพก
Common diseases / Problems
• Infectious diseases1) Salmonellosis (Enteritis)
2) Bovine rhinotracheitis
3) Tuberculosis
4) Pasteurellosis
5) Brucellosis
6) Tetanus
7) Parasite infection
• Non infectious diseases1) Nail crack and wounds, lameness
2) GI system : overnutrition, dental problem, constipation,sand colic, FB ingestion
3) Hypocalcemia
Prevention : calcium supplement in pre and post- parturition and lactation period
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae
Equidae
Tapiridae
Rhinocerotidae
Elephants
Artiodactyla(Even-Toe ungulates)
SuinaSuidae
Hippopotamidae
Ruminantia
Camellidae
Tragulidae
Giraffidae
Cervidae
Antilocapridae
Bovidae
Perissodactyla(Odd-Toe ungulates)
Equines,
Tapir,
Rhinoceroses
Tylopoda
Tragulina
Swines,Hippopotamus
Camels & Llamas
Tragulus
Giraffes, Cervids,
Antilopes, Bovines,
Caprines, Antilopes
Etc.
Herbivore Taxonomy
Order Artiodactyla
Suborder Tylopoda•Tylopoda = padded foot
• no hoof, มี Cushion pad และ เล็บ
•Family Camelidae ไดแก Llama, Camel
• 3 compartment stomach
•1st : ferment
•2nd : ferment + glandular
•3rd : glandular
Single hump camel
Middle east, North Africa
Two hump camel
China, Southern Russia
•Bushy eyebrows and 2 rows of eyelashes to keep the sand out of the eyes.
•The nostrils can be closed.
Llama Alpaca
Guanaco
Vicuna
Restraint• Danger : bite, kick, spitting (stomach content), หวัโขก
• Physical Restraint : restraint chute
•Chemical Restraint :
Sedative = Xylazine
Anesthesia = - Xylazine + Ketamine
- Zoletil
Common diseases / Problems
• Infectious diseases1) Melioidosis (zoonoses /one hump camel)
2) Surra
3) Clostridium
4) FMD
5) Camel pox
6) Sarcoptic mange
Melioidosis
•Burkholderia pseudomallei
•Human : acute pneumonia
•Camel : similar to TB
Non infectious disease
•Dystocia
•Vaginal prolapse
•Acute abdominal syndrome : anorexia, atony of GI tract, lethargy
Dangerous of Camel & Llama ?
A. bite, kick, spittingB. big canine teeth, attack
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae
Equidae
Tapiridae
Rhinocerotidae
Elephants
Artiodactyla(Even-Toe ungulates)
SuinaSuidae
Hippopotamidae
Ruminantia
Camellidae
Tragulidae
Giraffidae
Cervidae
Antilocapridae
Bovidae
Perissodactyla(Odd-Toe ungulates)
Equines,
Tapir,
Rhinoceroses
Tylopoda
Tragulina
Swines,Hippopotamus
Camels & Llamas
Tragulus
Giraffes, Cervids,
Antilopes, Bovines,
Caprines, Antilpoes
Etc.
Herbivore Taxonomy
Order Artiodactyla
Suborder Tragulina•Family Tragulidae
•กระเพาะมี 4 compartment แต abomasum มีขนาดเล็ก
•No horn and antler
•ทั้งสองเพศมี upper canine teeth เจริญดี
• presence of four toes on eachfoot
•absence of facial scent glands
•ทั้งตัวผูและตัวเมียไมมีเขา •กระจงตัวผูจะมีเขี้ยวบนยาวเลยริมฝปากบนลงมา•มีแถบสีขาว 5 เสนบริเวณใตคอและอก •เมื่อโตเต็มวัย สูงประมาณ 30-35 เซนติเมตร น้าํหนักตัวประมาณ 3.6-6.0 กิโลกรมั
•น้ําหนักตัวประมาณ 0.7-2.0 กิโลกรัม
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae
Equidae
Tapiridae
Rhinocerotidae
Elephants
Artiodactyla(Even-Toe ungulates)
SuinaSuidae
Hippopotamidae
Ruminantia
Camellidae
Tragulidae
Giraffidae
Cervidae
Antilocapridae
Bovidae
Perissodactyla(Odd-Toe ungulates)
Equines,
Tapir,
Rhinoceroses
Tylopoda
Tragulina
Swines,Hippopotamus
Camels & Llamas
Tragulus
Giraffes, Cervids,
Antilopes, Bovines,
Caprines, Antilopes
Etc.
Herbivore Taxonomy
Order Artiodactyla
Suborder Ruminantia
•Family Giraffidae
•Family Cervidae
•Family Antilocapridae
•Family Bovidae
Order Artiodactyla
Family GiraffidaeSuborder Ruminantia
•มี 2 spp. ไดแก Giraffe และ Okapi
•Skin cover horn
•Carotid artery valves ปองกัน hypotention
•ขาหนายาวกวาขาหลัง
•ผิวหนังใชเปนลายพรางตา
•Prehensile lips and tongue (1 ft.)
Restraint• Danger : kick, attack, ใชหัวฟาด
• Physical Restraint : restraint chute
•Chemical Restraint :
Sedative = Xylazine 70-100 mg + Atropine 7-8 mg (adult)
30-40 mg + Atropine 2-3 mg (yearling)
อดอาหาร 48-72 ชั่วโมง
ทําในหองที่แข็งแรง , ผนังเรียบ
Common diseases / Problems
• Infectious diseases1) Blue tongue
2) Anthrax
3) Pneumonia
4) TB
5) Rinderpest
6) Salmonellosis
7) Parasite infection
Foot rot, Trauma, Dystocia, Ruminal impaction
Non infectious disease
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae
Equidae
Tapiridae
Rhinocerotidae
Elephants
Artiodactyla(Even-Toe ungulates)
SuinaSuidae
Hippopotamidae
Ruminantia
Camellidae
Tragulidae
Giraffidae
Cervidae
Antilocapridae
Bovidae
Perissodactyla(Odd-Toe ungulates)
Equines,
Tapir,
Rhinoceroses
Tylopoda
Tragulina
Swines,Hippopotamus
Camels & Llamas
Tragulus
Giraffes, Cervids,
Antilopes, Bovines,
Caprines, Antilopes
Etc.
Herbivore Taxonomy
Order Artiodactyla
FamilyCervidaeSuborder Ruminantia
• ม ีantler เฉพาะตัวผู ยกเวน Reindeer
• 4 stomach compartments
•Special scent gland :
pre-orbital , Inter-digital
กวางที่มีถิ่นกําเนิดในประเทศไทย
กวางมา (Sambar deer )เกง ( เกงธรรมดา ,เกงหมอ ) (Barking deer)เนื้อทราย (Hog deer)ละมั่ง, ละอง (Eld’s deer)สมัน (Schomburgk’s deer)
Deer farm
คอกและแปลงกวาง
ทางวิ่ง
น้ํากิน รมเงา รางหญาอาคารจัดการ ( deer yard )
Special requirements
กวางผลดัเขาทุกป (หลังฤดูผสมพันธุ)หลังจากนั้นเขาจะงอกใหมประมาณ 120 วนั
Antler•เจริญจาก mesodermal cell
•องคประกอบ : fibrocartilage + blood vessel หุมดวย skin
•ผลัดเขาปละครั้ง
•เขาออน (velvet) – 4 month
•Ossification – 1 month
•Slouging – 1 month
•Hard antler – 4 month
•Resting – 2 month
Antler management-ทําที่ 50-65 วัน ,ตัดเหนือวงแหวนประมาณ 2 นิ้ว
Restraint
• Danger : fore leg, antler
•Physical Restraint : deer yard, squeeze cage, net
•Chemical Restraint :Xylazine HCl : Sedative 1 mg/kg
Immobilization 2-3 mg/kg
Zoletil : Immobilization 4-6 mg/kgAnesthesia 6-10 mg/kg
ซองบังคับกวาง
What is an antler ?
A.
B.
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae
Equidae
Tapiridae
Rhinocerotidae
Elephants
Artiodactyla(Even-Toe ungulates)
SuinaSuidae
Hippopotamidae
Ruminantia
Camellidae
Tragulidae
Giraffidae
Cervidae
Antilocapridae
Bovidae
Perissodactyla(Odd-Toe ungulates)
Equines,
Tapir,
Rhinoceroses
Tylopoda
Tragulina
Swines,Hippopotamus
Camels & Llamas
Tragulus
Giraffes, Cervids,
Antilopes, Bovines,
Caprines, Antilopes
Etc.
Herbivore Taxonomy
Order Artiodactyla
Family AntilocapridaeSuborder Ruminantia
• ไดแก Pronghorn antelope
•มี cornual process หุมดวย horn sheath ซึ่งจะลอกหลุดปละครัง้
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae
Equidae
Tapiridae
Rhinocerotidae
Elephants
Artiodactyla(Even-Toe ungulates)
SuinaSuidae
Hippopotamidae
Ruminantia
Camellidae
Tragulidae
Giraffidae
Cervidae
Antilocapridae
Bovidae
Perissodactyla(Odd-Toe ungulates)
Equines,
Tapir,
Rhinoceroses
Tylopoda
Tragulina
Swines,Hippopotamus
Camels & Llamas
Tragulus
Giraffes, Cervids,
Antilopes, Bovines,
Caprines, Antilopes
Etc.
Herbivore Taxonomy
Order Artiodactyla
Family Bovidae
Suborder Ruminantia
• ไดแก Bovines, Caprines, Antelopes
• เขา = horn ไมแตกกิ่ง ไมมีการผลัดเขา
Restraint
•Fam. Bovidae & Antilocapridae
•Danger : horn, hooves, kick
•Physical Restraint :
• behavioral training
•Manual – จํากัดพืน้ที่, จับบังคับโดยตรง
•Mechanical – squezze cage, chute
•Chemical Restraint :Sedative : XylazineImmobilization : Zoletil, Xylazine + Ketamine
Common diseases / Problems
• Infectious diseases• TB
• FMD
• Anthrax
• Melioidosis
• Parasite infection
• See Bovine Medicine !
Common disease and problems
• Non infectious disease
1) Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
2) White muscle disease
3) Problems after restraint
4) Capture myopathy
Protein Energy Malnutrition
อาจเกิด primary จากการขาดอาหารหรอืเปน secondary จากการปวยดวยโรคอืน่แลวกินไมได,nutritional mismanagementอาการ : emaciation, PCV ต่ําผาซาก : gelatinous transformation ( serous atrophy of fat ) เนื่องจาก triglyceride ถกูแทนที่ดวยของเหลว พบทั้งไขมันที่คลุมทางเดินอาหารและอวัยวะภายในรวมทั้งไขกระดกู
White muscle disease• Vit. E , Se deficiency
• Poor function of muscle, ataxia, weak, reluctance to standing
• Cardiac muscle : fibrillation, arrythmia, death
Problems after restraint
•Acidosis
•Hypoglycemia
•Hypocalcemia
•Hypoxia
•Trauma : contusion, abrasion, laceration, head/neck injuries, horn / antler damage
Capture myopathy
• Predisposing cause : inappropriate restraint, stress, vit.E&Se deficiency• a response by animals to stressors in environment• Stress causes anaerobic metabolism• lactic acid and muscle damage
When the muscle is exerted (used) its metabolism changes from aerobic (uses oxygen) to anaerobic(uses stored energy in the muscles).build up of lactic acid causes acidosis.Lactic acid in the bloodstream drops the pH in the body, affecting heart output.If the heart does not pump oxygen to the muscle it starts to die.
When the muscle dies over the next 7 days, it releasesa product called myoglobin (breakdown product ofmuscle).
Type of Capture myopathyCapture shockAtaxic myoglobinuriaMuscle ruptureDelayed
Capture shock
• Per-acute• Signs: hyperthermia, shallow+rapid breathing, depress, recumbency• Severe acidosis, hyperkalemia• tachycadia , weak pulse , Circulatory failure• Death within 1-6 hr.• PM: lung edema and congestion
Ataxic myoglobinuria
acuteSigns : ataxia, heart failure from heart muscle
necrosistorticollis, myoglobinuriaoccurs over 2- 4 days (hr.-day)PM : Kidney swelling
Muscle rupture• Subacute• Signs : normal at capture, show signs 24-48 hr. after capture• hyperflexion of hock, uni or bilateral gastroc.ruptured• kidney failure from the release of myoglobin• Acidosis, Myoglobinuria• PM : subcutaneous hemorrhage, multifocal small to large pale soft and pale in muscle
Delayed•Chronic• survive several days or months ( 1 wk-month) • die over 2-4 weeks due to heart failure and paralysis• Disturb/ recapture, stress again : eye dilate, die within several minutes from a heart attack
Types of Capture myopathy ?
A. Capture shock, Muscle rupture, Ataxic myoglobinuria, Delayed
B. Capture shock, Ataxic myoglobinuria, Muscle rupture, Delayed