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Henry VIII of EnglandHenry VIII of England
Politics and DynasticPolitics and Dynastic
ConcernsConcerns
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Henry VIIIHenry VIII (28 June 1491(28 June 1491 ± ± 28 January28 January
1547) was1547) was King of EnglandKing of England from 21 Aprilfrom 21 April
1509 until his death.1509 until his death.Henry was the second monarch of theHenry was the second monarch of the
House of Tudor House of Tudor , succeeding his father,, succeeding his father,
HenryHenry VIIVII
Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII isBesides his six marriages, Henry VIII is
known for his role in the separation of theknown for his role in the separation of the
Church of EnglandChurch of England from thefrom the CatholicCatholic
ChurchChurch..
Henry was an attractive and charismaticHenry was an attractive and charismatic
man, educated and accomplished. He wasman, educated and accomplished. He was
an author and a composer. He ruled withan author and a composer. He ruled with
absolute power.absolute power.
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Marriage to Catherine of AragonMarriage to Catherine of Aragon
In 1509, Henry VIII had marriedIn 1509, Henry VIII had married
Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain,.Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain,.
By 1527, the union had producedBy 1527, the union had produced
no male heir to the throne and onlyno male heir to the throne and only
one surviving child, a daughter,one surviving child, a daughter,
Mary. Henry was justifiablyMary. Henry was justifiably
concerned about the politicalconcerned about the political
consequences of leaving only aconsequences of leaving only a
female heir. In this period, peoplefemale heir. In this period, people
believed it unnatural for women to believed it unnatural for women torule over men. At best a womanrule over men. At best a woman
ruler meant a contested reign, atruler meant a contested reign, at
worst turmoil and revolution.worst turmoil and revolution.
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The King¶s AffairThe King¶s Affair
By 1527, Henry wasBy 1527, Henry wasthoroughly enamored of thoroughly enamored of
Anne Boleyn, one of Anne Boleyn, one of
Catherine¶s ladies. HeCatherine¶s ladies. He
determined to putdetermined to put
Catherine aside and takeCatherine aside and take
Anne as his wife. This heAnne as his wife. This he
could not do in Catholiccould not do in CatholicEngland, however, withoutEngland, however, without
papal annulment of the papal annulment of the
marriage to Catherine.marriage to Catherine.
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The Reformation ParliamentThe Reformation Parliament
When the king¶s advisorsWhen the king¶s advisors
could not obtain a papalcould not obtain a papal
annulment, they conceivedannulment, they conceived
of a plan to declare the kingof a plan to declare the kingsupreme in Englishsupreme in English
spiritual affairs. In 1529,spiritual affairs. In 1529,
Parliament convened for Parliament convened for
what would be a sevenwhat would be a seven--year year session that earned it thesession that earned it the
title the ³Reformationtitle the ³Reformation
Parliament.´Parliament.´
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Royal Reins on the ClergyRoyal Reins on the Clergy
During this period, it passedDuring this period, it passeda flood of legislation thata flood of legislation that
harassed, and finally placedharassed, and finally placed
royal reins on, the clergy. Inroyal reins on, the clergy. In
so doing, it established aso doing, it established a precedent that would precedent that would
remain a feature of Englishremain a feature of English
government: whenever government: whenever
fundamental changes arefundamental changes aremade in religion, themade in religion, the
monarch must consult withmonarch must consult with
and work throughand work through
parliament. parliament.
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Head of the Church of EnglandHead of the Church of England
In January 1531, theIn January 1531, the
Convocation (aConvocation (a
legislative assemblylegislative assembly
representing the Englishrepresenting the Englishclergy) publiclyclergy) publicly
recognized Henry asrecognized Henry as
Head of the Church inHead of the Church in
England ³as far as theEngland ³as far as the
law of Christ allows.´law of Christ allows.´
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Submission of the ClergySubmission of the Clergy
InIn 15321532, Parliament, Parliament passed the Submission passed the Submissionof the Clergy, whichof the Clergy, which
effectively placedeffectively placedcanon law under royalcanon law under royalcontrol and thereby thecontrol and thereby theclergy under royalclergy under royal jurisdiction. jurisdiction.
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Marriage to Anne BoleynMarriage to Anne Boleyn
In January 1533, HenryIn January 1533, Henry
wed the pregnant Annewed the pregnant Anne
Boleyn, with ThomasBoleyn, with Thomas
Cranmer officiating.Cranmer officiating.
The Pope responded byThe Pope responded by
excommunicating excommunicating HenryHenry
from the Catholicfrom the Catholic
Church.Church.
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King the Highest Court of AppealKing the Highest Court of Appeal
In February 1533.In February 1533.
Parliament made theParliament made the
King the HighestKing the Highest
Court of Appeal for Court of Appeal for
all English subjects.all English subjects.
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Invalidation of FirstMarriageInvalidation of FirstMarriage
In March 1533.In March 1533.Cranmer becameCranmer becamearchbishop of archbishop of
Canterbury and led theCanterbury and led theConvocation inConvocation ininvalidating theinvalidating theKing¶s marriage toKing¶s marriage toCatherine.Catherine.
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Acts of Succession & SupremacyActs of Succession & Supremacy
The Act of Succession in the sameyear made Anne Boleyn¶s childrenlegitimate heirs to the throne and theAct of Supremacy declared Henry ³theonly supreme head on earth of theChurch of England. The Popeexcommunicated Henry.
When Thomas More and John fisher,Bishop of Rochester, refused torecognize the Act of Succession and
the Act of Supremacy, Henry had themexecuted, making clear hisdetermination to have his wayregardless of the cost.
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Dissolution of the MonasteriesDissolution of the Monasteries
In 1538. ParliamentIn 1538. Parliament
dissolved England¶sdissolved England¶s
monasteries andmonasteries and
convents.convents.
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The Six Wives of Henry VIIIThe Six Wives of Henry VIII
To satisfy his desires andTo satisfy his desires and
to secure a male heir,to secure a male heir,Henry married six times.Henry married six times.
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Catherine of AragonCatherine of Aragon
Born in SpainBorn in Spain
Had been married toHad been married toHenry¶s brother Arthur Henry¶s brother Arthur who diedwho died
Married Henry in 1509Married Henry in 1509 She had six children butShe had six children but
only one survivedonly one survived ± ± aadaughter, Marydaughter, Mary
Henry divorcedHenry divorcedCatherine as he hadCatherine as he hadfallen in love with her fallen in love with her lady in waitinglady in waiting
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Jane Seymour Jane Seymour
Born in EnglandBorn in England
Jane was betrothedJane was betrothed
to Henry within 24to Henry within 24
hrs of Anne¶s deathhrs of Anne¶s death
She had one child, aShe had one child, a
son, Edwardson, Edward
Jane died two weeksJane died two weeksafter giving birthafter giving birth
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Anne of ClevesAnne of Cleves
Born in GermanyBorn in Germany
Henry had a paintingHenry had a paintingof her but when heof her but when hemet her he thoughtmet her he thought
she was uglyshe was ugly They married but didThey married but did
not live together not live together
They had no childrenThey had no children
Henry divorced her Henry divorced her
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Catherine HowardCatherine Howard
Born in EnglandBorn in England
She was the lady inShe was the lady inwaiting for Annewaiting for Anne
She was veryShe was veryattractiveattractive
There were noThere were nochildrenchildren
Henry heard rumoursHenry heard rumours
she was beingshe was beingunfaithfulunfaithful
She was beheadedShe was beheaded
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Catherine Parr Catherine Parr
Born in EnglandBorn in England
She had beenShe had beenmarried twice beforemarried twice before
They had no childrenThey had no children
Henry married her toHenry married her tolook after him in hislook after him in his
old ageold age She survived him asShe survived him as
Henry died in 1547Henry died in 1547
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Religious ConservatismReligious Conservatism
Despite the break with Rome,Despite the break with Rome,
Henry remained decidedlyHenry remained decidedlyconservative in his religiousconservative in his religious
beliefs.With the TEN ARTICLES beliefs.With the TEN ARTICLESof 1536, he made only mildof 1536, he made only mildconcessions to Protestant tenets,concessions to Protestant tenets,
otherwise maintaining Catholicotherwise maintaining Catholicdoctrine in a country filled withdoctrine in a country filled withProtestant sentiments. Despite hisProtestant sentiments. Despite hismany wives and amorousmany wives and amorousadventures, Henry absolutelyadventures, Henry absolutely
FORBADE THE ENGLISHFORBADE THE ENGLISHCLERGY TO MARRY andCLERGY TO MARRY andthreatened any clergy who werethreatened any clergy who werecaught twice in concubinage withcaught twice in concubinage withexecution.execution.
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Death and successionDeath and succession Late in life, Henry became obeseLate in life, Henry became obese
(with a waist measurement of (with a waist measurement of 5454 inches/137inches/137 cm) and had to becm) and had to bemoved about with the help of moved about with the help of mechanical inventions.mechanical inventions.
His obesity and other medicalHis obesity and other medical problems can be traced from an problems can be traced from an
accident in 1536 in which heaccident in 1536 in which hesuffered a leg woundsuffered a leg wound
Concurrently, Henry developed aConcurrently, Henry developed a binge binge--eating habit, consisting of aeating habit, consisting of adiet of mainly fatty red meats anddiet of mainly fatty red meats andfew vegetables.few vegetables.
Henry's obesity undoubtedlyHenry's obesity undoubtedlyhastened his death at the age of 55,hastened his death at the age of 55,which occurred on 28 Januarywhich occurred on 28 January1547. He expired soon after 1547. He expired soon after allegedly uttering these last words:allegedly uttering these last words:"Monks! Monks! Monks!""Monks! Monks! Monks!"
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Edward VI (1547Edward VI (1547--1553)1553)
WhenWhen HenryHenry died,died, hishis sonson andand
successor,successor, EdwardEdward VI,VI, waswas onlyonlytenten yearsyears oldold.. Under Under thethe
regenciesregencies of of thethe dukeduke of of
SomersetSomerset andand thethe dukeduke of of Northumberland, Northumberland, EnglandEngland fullyfully
enactedenacted thethe ProtestantProtestant
ReformationReformation..
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Mary I (1553Mary I (1553--1558)1558)
In 1533, Catherine of In 1533, Catherine of
Aragon¶s daughter Aragon¶s daughter
succeeded Edwardsucceeded Edward
(who had died in his(who had died in histeens) to the Englishteens) to the English
throne as Mary I andthrone as Mary I and
proceeded to restore proceeded to restore
Catholic doctrine andCatholic doctrine and
practice. practice.
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Elizabeth I (1558Elizabeth I (1558--1603)1603) ItIt waswas notnot untiluntil thethe reignreign of of
AnneAnne Boleyn¶sBoleyn¶s daughter,daughter,
ElizabethElizabeth I,I, thatthat aa lastinglasting
religiousreligious settlementsettlement waswas
workedworked outout inin EnglandEngland..ElizabethElizabeth mergedmerged aa
centralizedcentralized EpiscopalEpiscopal
system,system, whichwhich sheshe firmlyfirmly
controlled,controlled, withwith broadly broadlydefineddefined ProtestantProtestant doctrinedoctrine
andand traditionaltraditional CatholicCatholic
ritualritual..
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ConclusionsConclusions The break with Rome in 1533The break with Rome in 1533± ±34 was an act with enormous consequences34 was an act with enormous consequences
for the subsequent course of English history beyond thefor the subsequent course of English history beyond the Tudor dynastyTudor dynasty,,making possible the transformation of England into a powerful nation,making possible the transformation of England into a powerful nation,seizing of economic and political power from the Church by the aristocracyseizing of economic and political power from the Church by the aristocracy
Henry's decision to entrust the regency of his son Edward's minor years to aHenry's decision to entrust the regency of his son Edward's minor years to adecidedly reformdecidedly reform--oriented regency council, dominated by Edward Seymour,oriented regency council, dominated by Edward Seymour,ensured that the English Reformation would be consolidated and evenensured that the English Reformation would be consolidated and even
furthered during his son's reign.furthered during his son's reign. Obsessed with securing the succession to the throne, he left as his only heirsObsessed with securing the succession to the throne, he left as his only heirs
a young son (who died before his 16th birthday) and two daughters adheringa young son (who died before his 16th birthday) and two daughters adheringto different religions.to different religions.
Henry is traditionally cited as one of the founders of theHenry is traditionally cited as one of the founders of the Royal NavyRoyal Navy. His. Hisreign featured some naval warfare and, more significantly, large royalreign featured some naval warfare and, more significantly, large royal
investment in shipbuilding, dockyards and naval innovations (such as the useinvestment in shipbuilding, dockyards and naval innovations (such as the useof of cannoncannon on board ship).on board ship).
Henry was a formidable, captivating man who "wore regality with aHenry was a formidable, captivating man who "wore regality with asplendid conviction." But unpredictably his overpowering charm could turnsplendid conviction." But unpredictably his overpowering charm could turninto anger and shouting, for he was highinto anger and shouting, for he was high--strung and unstable; hypochondriacstrung and unstable; hypochondriacand possessed of a strong streak of cruelty.and possessed of a strong streak of cruelty.