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Helen XiaoBIO.62
ONCHOCERCIASIS
(RIVER BLINDNESS)
http://www.icp.ucl.ac.be/~opperd/parasites/images/worms.jpg
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MOST VICTIMS ARE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/onchocerciasis-map.png?ua=1
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INFECTION LEADS TO NODULES
http://www.ijqhw.net/index.php/qhw/article/viewFile/5918/8515/21360
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WORMS AVOIDS IMMUNE SYSTEM BY HIDING IN
NODULES
http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/modeling/images/TDR/palpationTDR98031026.jpg
http://www.riverblindness.org/images/album-pics/onchocerciasis/image_06.jpg
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INFLAMMATION CAUSES ITCHY RASHES AND AN APPEARANCE OF
LEOPARD SKIN
http://www.neglecteddiseases.gov/assets/photos/uganda/lg_uganda6.jpg
http://www.who.int/apoc/media/skin.gif
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INFECTION LEADS CLOUDING OF THE CORNEA
http://www.ijqhw.net/index.php/qhw/article/view/5918/8515
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BLINDNESS CAN OCCUR IF DISEASE IS NOT TREATED
http://www.unep.org/yearbook/2004/images/emergingphoto5.jpg
www.hxbenefit.com
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RIVER BLINDNESS IS CAUSED BY: NEMATODE ONCHOCERCA
VOLVULUS
http://blackflies.info/sites/blackflies.info/files/u13/volvulus1_reduced_3.jpghttp://parasite.org.au/para-site/images/onchocerca-microfilariae.jpg
web.stanford.edu
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THE NEMATODE IS TRANSMITTED BY THE BITE OF A
FEMALE BLACK FLY
https://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2014/schwaab_abbe/fly.jpghttp://extension.entm.purdue.edu/publichealth/images/blackfly/blackfly.jpg
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LIFE CYCLE:
http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/images/onchocerciasis/O_volvulus_LifeCycle.gif
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LIFE CYCLE OF ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS GOES THROUGH HUMAN AND BLACK FLY
STAGES
http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/images/onchocerciasis/O_volvulus_LifeCycle.gif
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PARASITIC NEMATODES HAVE AN ENDOSYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
WITH THE WOLBACHIA BACTERIA
http://www.atlas.or.kr/donation/donation_files/demo23.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Wolbachia.png
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ht tp : / / cmr.asm.o rg /con ten t /24 /3 /459 /F2 . l a rge . jpg
WOLBACHIA BACTERIA CAUSES THE SYMPTOMS OF RIVER BLINDNESS
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ht tp : / / cmr.asm.o rg /con ten t /24 /3 /459 /F2 . l a rge . jpg
WOLBACHIA BACTERIA CAUSES THE SYMPTOMS OF RIVER BLINDNESS
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TO DIAGNOSE THE DISEASE, DOCTORS LOOK FOR LARVAE IN
SKIN SNIPShttp://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/health_professionals/index.html
http://web.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2004/Onchocerciasis/skinsnip.png
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Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)-
Kills microfilariae
Accelerates onchocercal blindness
EARLY TREATMENTS WERE INEFFECTIVE AND CAUSED SEVERE
SIDE EFFECTS
http://www.in.all.biz/img/in/catalog/58199.jpeg
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Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)-
Kills microfilariae
Accelerates onchocercal blindness
Suramin-
Kills adult worms
Highly Toxic
EARLY TREATMENTS WERE INEFFECTIVE AND CAUSED SEVERE
SIDE EFFECTS
http://sterlingmedicaladvice.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/suramin.jpg
http://www.in.all.biz/img/in/catalog/58199.jpeg
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Ivermectin Kills Larvae
TWO NEW TREATMENTS ARE MUCH MORE EFFECTIVE:
http://www.sightsaversusa.org/images/content/16890.jpg
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Ivermectin Kills Larvae
Doxycycline Kills
Wolbachia bacteria and
thus adult worms
TWO NEW TREATMENTS ARE MUCH MORE EFFECTIVE:
http://www.sightsaversusa.org/images/content/16890.jpg
https://web.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2006/Onchocerciasis/IMAGES/doxy.jpg
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RESEARCH SHOWS TWO DRUGS ARE BETTER THAN
ONE
http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0140673600045815/1-s2.0-S0140673600045815-main.pdf?_tid=ef7059d4-6422-11e4-a47d-00000aacb360&acdnat=1415106373_bc145e148c47c38309d4e2778ebfe6ca
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WEARING INSECT REPELLENT AND COVERING EXPOSED SKIN CAN
PREVENT INFECTION
http://nycpestpros.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Kinds-of-Insect-Repellent.jpg
http://s252.photobucket.com/user/MicheleinPlaya/media/Blog%20Images%202013/LayeredClothes_zps0d9235d3.jpg.html
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END THE LIFE CYCLE OF ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS WITH HELP FROM MERK
http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/images/onchocerciasis/O_volvulus_LifeCycle.gif
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END THE LIFE CYCLE OF ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS WITH HELP FROM MERK
http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/images/onchocerciasis/O_volvulus_LifeCycle.gif
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37 MILLION STILL INFECTED BUT WE ARE ON THE RIGHT TRACK
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3131055/
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http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/ http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0140673600045815/1-s2.0-S0140673600045815-
main.pdf?_tid=ef7059d4-6422-11e4-a47d-00000aacb360&acdnat=1415106373_bc145e148c47c38309d4e2778ebfe6ca
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Onchocerca_volvulus/ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/med.2610130103/asset/
2610130103_ftp.pdf http
://ac.els-cdn.com/S0002934305800105/1-s2.0-S0002934305800105-main.pdf?_tid=a3866b24-6307-11e4-b468-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1414984698_c629e2cb182d09ef914d8b60573e6c66
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0140673602094989/pdff t?md5=e32b8c57ad027d626edc6b5f82acf92f&pid=1-s2.0-S0140673602094989-main.pdf
https://web.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2006/Onchocerciasis/Diagnosis.html
http://tropej.oxfordjournals.org.l ibproxy.l ib.unc.edu/content/45/3/128.ful l .pdf+html
http://www.who.int/apoc/cdti/ ivermectin/en/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3043740/ http://cmr.asm.org/content/24/3/459.fi gures-only
WORKS CITED: