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Health Risks of Living Near
Natural Gas Development
Anne C. Epstein, MD, FAC
!""# Rene$a%le Denton &o$n Hall
Mar'h (), ("!*
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Health Ha+ars of Living in the Mistof Dense Natural Gas Development
• -lo$outs an Eplosions
• -urns from $ell /res
•
lumes of toi' gas• &oi' air pollutants0 -en+ene
• Human 1llness o'umente – Congenital heart isease, lo$
%irth $eight, premature %irth
– Heart isease, neurologi'
isease, an hospitali+ations – Respirator2 an skin s2mptoms
1mage Creit3 Cooper Nell, Denton &4
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Risk of -urns from -lo$out FiresHale2 M, M'Ca$le2 M, Epstein AC, Arrington -, -6erke EF. Ae7ua'2 of Current 8tate 8et%a'ks for
Dire'tional High09olume H2rauli' Fra'turing in the Mar'ellus, -arnett, an Nio%rara 8hale la2s. EnvironHealth erspe't: http3;;.oi.org;!".!(
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Ho$ Far Can &oi' Gas lumes &ravelFort @orth League of Neigh%orhoos, Re'ommenations for oli'2 Changes for Gas Drilling Near 8'hools, Fe%
("!!
• ( $ell sites 'lose to s'hools
• Data from 1nustr2, &CEI
• Dispersion Moeling
!ar"on #isul$de0 a neurotoin
• Dete'te at one site "" timesthe norm for am%ient air0 &CEIviolation – lume etene ! mile from the
sour'e, full etentJ ( mi
– Kp to !""" times the short term
health %en'hmark
!ar"on%l Sul$de – lume etene in e'ess of !
mile
– Kp to * times the health%en'hmark
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ollutants from Natural Gas o$er lantshttps3;;$$$.epa.gov;ttn'hie!;ap>(;'h";/nal;'"s"!.pf
&itrogen '(ides
Lung isease hospitali+ations, ozone
!ar"on )ono(ide
Reu'es o2gen in the %loo
*'!s More $;lo$er operating loa0ozone
+azardous Air ollutants
Formaleh2e skin, respirator2, 'an'er
-en+ene %loo 5 immune isease, 'an'er
&oluene0 neurologi' isease
Eth2l%en+ene0 respirator2, neurologi'
42lenes0 neurologi', respirator2
Sulfur #io(ide A'i rain
articulate )atter
8erious heart 5 lung isease in'luingeath, ha+e, a'i rain
$$$.epa.gov multiple pages
1mage3 Calpine Corp, hotographer3 Guaalupe Energ2 Centernear 8an Antonio
https://www3.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/ch03/final/c03s01.pdfhttps://www3.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/ch03/final/c03s01.pdf
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&oi' Air Emissions3
-en+eneA highl% to(ic carcinogen thatoccurs naturall% in oil and gas• *'!-volatile organic comound
Long0term health ee'ts
• Leukemia0 a Group ! Car'inogen
• Life0threatening anemia
• 1mmune s2stem suppression
• ossi%le fetal a%normalities
9er2 high levels of eposure
• Coma, sei+ures, irregular heart rh2thms,Bui in the lungs, eath
Chilren an eveloping fetuses are more
vulnera%le to all toi' air emissions
A&8DR August (""?, $$.atsr.''.gov;toi'pro/les;tp.pf,
CDC Emergen'2 8afet2 an Health Data%ase
aulson, &estimon2 %efore House 8u%'ommittee Fe% ("!>
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxicprofiles/tp3.pdfhttp://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxicprofiles/tp3.pdfhttp://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxicprofiles/tp3.pdfhttp://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxicprofiles/tp3.pdfhttp://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxicprofiles/tp3.pdf
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-en+ene from Gas Leaks3 &CEI -arnett 8hale 8tu2 (""=
• monitoring sites surve2e (""=
–Looking for leaks
–Fl2over, GasFin1R 'ameras, 9Cmonitors
• Air samples 'olle'te at sites
• -en+ene $as ete'te a%ove the long
term health %ase 'omparison valueJ !.> pp% at (! monitoring sites in!( ierent areas
• 2 sites re7uire immeiate a'tion forvalue J !
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Fl2over Air Monitoring in Coloraoetron et al, American Geophysical Union, Ma2 ("!>
&ational 'ceanic andAtmosheric Administration
• A &op Do$n evaluation of%en+ene an other toi' airemissions
• Air%orne measurements of airpollutants P !( Bights in Ma2("!(
• Correlate $ith atmospheri'ata
•
Results3 -en+ene emissions$ere ? 0 = times higher thanestimate %2 8tate of Coloraoinventories
1mage Creit3 @ill von Dauster, NAA
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Human health risk assessment of air emissions fromevelopment of un'onventional natural gas resour'es M'Qen+ie et al, Science of the Total Environment >(> ("!(
Colorao 8'hool of u%li' Health
Measure ha+arous air pollutantsat ierent istan'es from 5G $ells
Near3 )"" feet from a $ell
Far3 (*"" feet from a $ell
Foun elevate levels of -en+ene, &oluene, Eth2l%en+ene, 42lene-&E4 'loser to $ells 'ompare tofarther a$a2
Cal'ulate the risk of illness
Con'lue eople living )"" feetor less from $ells ha
• ) &1ME8 higher risk of illness ueto ha+arous air pollutants
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Meian Air &oin Con'entrations During @ellCompletion in Gar/el Count2 C
M'Qen+ie et al, Science of the Total Environment , (( Mar'h ("!(
"
!
(
>)
*
?
<
=
Natural Gas
Development AreaJ !;( mile a$a2
@ell Completionsamples !"0)"" ftfrom $ell pa, 'enter,uring un'ontrolle,
Bo$%a'k
mcg/ m1
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@est 9irginia Dept of Environmental rote'tionMa2 ("!
M'Ca$le2 ("!
he Stud%
• Reason for 8tu23 to assess$hether *() foot set%a'k isae7uate to prote't pu%li' health
•
8ample sites3 ? un'onventionalrilling sites
3esults
-en+ene levels e'eee minimumrisk levels for a'ute eposure =
pp% for eposure of !> a2s or lessin
• ) out of !) samples, from
• out of ) ierent sites
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4&5&S5 5'S735 ' &A73A8 9AS 588S)A; A
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-irth ut'omes an Maternal Resientialroimit2 to Natural Gas Development in
Rural ColoraoM'Qen+ie et al, Environmental Health Perspectives, (< Oanuar2 ("!>
&he ata3 !==* 0 (""=
• All %irth re'ors in rural Colorao
• All hospital an 'lini' re'ors of%irth efe'ts
• Re'ors of lo'ation an 2ear %uilt forall gas $ells in rural Colorao
otal 12,?2 "irths
• Maternal eposure to gas $ells3 ho$far a$a2 an ho$ man2 gas $ells atthe time of %irth
• eposure groups3 – Lo$ !0 $ells;mile
– Meium >0!(> $ells; mile – High J!(> $ells; mile
• Referen'e group3 no gas $ells $ithin!" miles
1mage Creit3 Erie Rising
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-irth ut'omes an Maternal Resiential roimit2 toNatural Gas Development in Rural ColoraoM'Qen+ie et al, Environmental Health Perspectives, (< Oanuar2 ("!>
Num%er of %a%ies %orn $ithCongenital Heart Disease
Compare to " $ells $;in !"miles3
!"# in'rease risk for !0$ells; mile , lo$ eposure (
("# in'rease risk for >0!(>$ells; mile, meium eposure ""%irths
"# in'rease risk for J !()$ells; mile, high eposure )) %irths
8tatisti'al signi/'an'e pS ".""!
A6uste for multiple fa'tors 1mage Creit3 -a%2Me.'om
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Kn'onventional Natural Gas Development an -irthut'omes in enns2lvania, K8A
Case2 et al, Epidemiology , a''epte != August ("!)
All !",""" %a%ies %orn in ( hospitalsin A (""*0("!)
Cal'ulate %a%iesT eposure to $ella'tivit2 $ithin (" QM uring thepregnan'2
-a%ies in the highest 7uartile ofeposure avg !(> $ells; (" km ha a
• >" # in'rease risk of premature%irth
Compare to %a%ies in the lo$est7uartile of eposure avg * $ells; ("
km
• 8tatisti'all2 signi/'ant, a6uste formultiple varia%les
1mage Creit3 8huttersto'k
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erinatal ut'omes an Kn'onventional NaturalGas perations in 8outh$est enns2lvania
8ta'2 et al, PLOS ONE, Oune , ("!)
• !),>?! %irth re'ors
– 'ounties in A (""?0("!"
• )"= a'tive KNG $ells
• Estimate eposure
–num%er an istan'e of $ells $;in !"miles uring pregnan'2
3esults1nfants in the highest 7uartile ofeposure J * $ells; mile $ere
• ># more likel2 to have lo$%irth$eight, %elo$ !"th per'entile
Compare to infants in the lo$est
7uartile of eposure S ".
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Kn'onventional Gas an il Drilling is Asso'iate$ith 1n'rease Hospital Ktili+ation Rates
Oamielita et al, PLOS ONE Oul2 !), ("!)
• All =),""" hospitali+ation re'orsfrom rural 'ounties in A (""?0("!!
• atient Eposure to a'tive $ellssorte %2 +ip 'oe – !? +ip 'oes ha J !"" $ells
eople in +ip 'oes $ith a highernum"er or densit% of wells hasigni/'antl2 more
• &otal hospitali+ations
• Hospitali+ations for heart isease
–
. in highest 7uartile'ompare to =.2 $;o $ells
• Hospitali+ations for neurologi'alisease stroke, arkinsonTs
Compare to +ip 'oes $ith no$ells
1mage 'reit3 &o Heisler;&he Ne$ Uork &1mes
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roimit2 to Natural Gas @ells an Reporte Health 8tatus3Results of a Househol 8urve2 in @ashington Count2, A
Ra%ino$it+ et al Environmental Health Perspectives 8ept ("!>
he #ata
•!
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8ummar2 3&he 8'ienti/' Evien'e forHuman 1llness Asso'iate $ith Natural Gas
Development
1n high 7ualit2 s'ienti/'stuies, intense eposureto KNG natural gas a'tivit2has %een linke to3
•
Congenital heart isease• remature %irth
• Lo$ %irth $eight
• Ault hospitali+ations
•
Ault heart isease• Ault neurologi' isease
• Respirator2 an skins2mptoms1mage 'reit3 Lighthouse 8olar
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Health Ha+ars of Living in the Mistof Dense Natural Gas Development
• -lo$outs an Eplosions
• -urns from $ell /res
• lumes of toi' gas
• &oi' air pollutants0 -en+ene
• Human 1llness o'umente – Congenital heart isease, lo$
%irth $eight, premature %irth
– Heart isease, neurologi'
isease, an hospitali+ations – Respirator2 an skin s2mptoms
1mage Creit3 Cooper Nell, Denton &4