13th IWA Specialized Conference on Small Water and Wastewater Systems
5th IWA Specialized Conference on Resources-Oriented Sanitation
*Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine,
Morocco
Benlouali Hajar*, Redouane Choukr-Allah, Harrouni Moulay Cherif,
Aziz Hirich, Mohamed Fallah
INTRODUCTION
Morocco is suffering from water scarcity. Water resources are estimated to be 700 m3/year/ capitata.Moroccan government initiated in 2006 the National Plan for Sanitation which aims partly to :
- Treat 80% of sewage in 2020 and 100% in 2030.- Reduce pollution by 60%.- Use 35% of reclaimed wastewater in irrigation of green spaces and golf courses.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
As a part of the National Tourism Strategy, Marrakech has developed its golf sector. The city comprises nowadays 11 running golf courses and 7 under construction.
- TOURISTIC POTENTIAL
- ECONOMY
- WATER RESOURCES
A project of treatment and reuse of reclaimed wastewater in the irrigation of golf
courses has been initiated in 2008.
Our study presents the results of a survey carried out in 2015 in Marrakesh, in
order to assess the current situation of this reuse.
STUDY AREA CHARACTERISTICS
Climate: Arid continental
Table 1: Climatic data for Marrakesh (ClimWat, 2015)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Rain mm 27 34 30 33 20 4 1 2 5 18 37 25
Min T° °C 4.4 6.1 8.9 11.1 13.9 16.7 19.4 20 17.2 13.9 9.4 5.6
Max T° °C 18.3 20 23.3 26.1 28.9 33.3 38.3 37.8 33.3 28.3 22.,8 18.9
ETomm/day
1.82 2.45 3.56 4.34 5.1 5.84 7.01 6.8 5.12 3.56 2.26 1.76
Maximum precipitations occur in April and November while minimum rainfall is recorded in summer (June, July, August and September).
Monthly evapotranspiration: from 1.76 to7.01 mm/day ( average of 4.13 mm/day).
Monthly average temperature: from 4.4°C to 38.3°C.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
INVESTIGATION
(July/ August 2015)
-RADEEMA offices:
Political, financial, regulatory and technicalframeworks
-75% golf courses irrigating with reclaimed wastewaterin Marrakech ( Self administrated questionnaire/
Answers obtained on site)
Areas, water consumption, water storage structures, soil types, irrigation systems, turfgrass varieties, and hygienic measures taken to protect public and employees
CURRENT STATE OF THE TREATMENT AND REUSE OF RECLAIMED
WASTEWATER IN MARRAKESH
PROJECT OF TREATMENT AND
REUSE OF RECLAIMED
WASTEWATER
(1 Billion dirhams)
MOROCCAN GOVERNMENT
(12%)
GOLF COURSES PROMOTERS
(40%)STATE BOARD OF
MARRAKECH (RADEEMA)
(48%)
- Construction of a wastewater treatment plant (33 million m3/year)
- Construction of a distribution network (80 km).
Pre-treatment: grit and grease removal. Primary treatment: water decanting. Secondary treatment: Biological activation. Tertiary treatment: Coagulation and flocculation, sand filtration and disinfection by ultraviolet lamps and chlorine.
CURRENT STATE OF THE TREATMENT AND REUSE OF RECLAIMED
WASTEWATER IN MARRAKESH
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
WATER MANAGEMENT OF GOLF COURSES UNDER IRRIGATION WITH
RECLAIMED WASTEWATER IN MARRAKESH
GENERAL DATA (water consumption)
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2012 2013 2014
Mo
nth
ly c
on
sum
pti
on
(m3
)
Figure 2: Golf courses monthly consumption of reclaimed wastewater (2012, 2013, 2014)
Total water consumption from April 2012 till August 2015 : 11.3 Mm3
Average Reclaimed wastewater consumption in surveyed golf courses : 16 000 m3/ha/year (ranging from 5,945 to 28,836 m3/ha.year). Reclaimed wastewater consumption in surveyed golf courses in Spain: 8 200 m3/ha.year).
Management practices
Technicalknowledge
of the course
manager
Marketpositioning
Golf course’s
equipment
ReclaimedWastewaterconsumption
WATER MANAGEMENT OF GOLF COURSES UNDER IRRIGATION WITH
RECLAIMED WASTEWATER IN MARRAKESH
GENERAL DATA (water consumption)
Golf courses equipped with irrigation Centralized management system: 100%Golf courses equipped Agro-meteorological station: 67% Golf courses equipped with soil humidity sensor: 33%
GOLF COURSES SURVEY (Irrigation system)
• Lakes ( 50 000 to 92 400 m3). Storage facilities
• 5 to 6 pumps with different flow rate. Pumping system
• Screen filtration (83%).
• Disc filtration (17%).Filtration system
WATER MANAGEMENT OF GOLF COURSES UNDER IRRIGATION WITH
RECLAIMED WASTEWATER IN MARRAKESH
IRRIGATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT
GOLF COURSES SURVEY (Irrigation system)WATER MANAGEMENT OF GOLF COURSES UNDER IRRIGATION WITH
RECLAIMED WASTEWATER IN MARRAKESH
020406080
100120
Filtration &
pumping
system
clogging
Algae growth Odors in lakes mosquitoes in
lakes
Sprinklers
breaking
Rust of
pumping
station
Per
cen
tag
e o
f g
olf
cou
rses
Figure: Percentage of golf courses surveyed facing negative impacts of reclaimed wastewater on storage lakes and irrigation system in Marrakesh
IRRIGATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT
GOLF COURSES SURVEY (Irrigation system)WATER MANAGEMENT OF GOLF COURSES UNDER IRRIGATION WITH
RECLAIMED WASTEWATER IN MARRAKESH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Aeration Fish culture Filtrationsystem
Pumpingstation
Lake Ultrasoundsystem
Foggertreatment
Lakesdepth
increase
Un
det
ake
n t
reat
me
nts
(%
)
Cleaning
IRRIGATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT
WATER MANAGEMENT OF GOLF COURSES UNDER IRRIGATION WITH
RECLAIMED WASTEWATER IN MARRAKESH
1. Sand and gravel filters are recommended before screen or disc filtration in order to remove suspended inorganic and organic fines.
Efficient filtration system
2. Automatic flushing for filter cleaning (Used by only 50% of golf courses)
Improuvement of water quality
1. Acid injection
Improuvement of Reclaimed wastewater storage
1. Aeration (reduces odors and increases dissolved oxygen)2. Storage in covered tank ( high costs of constructing but low costs of maintenance)3. Chemical treatment for algae.
RECOMMENDED MEASURES FOR WASTEWATER REUSE IN GOLF IRRIGATION
Soil :clayey in fairways, and sandy in greens.
WATER MANAGEMENT OF GOLF COURSES UNDER IRRIGATION WITH
RECLAIMED WASTEWATER IN MARRAKESH
SOIL MANAGEMENT
0
20
40
60
80
Soil compaction Black layer No problemsdetected
Soil's pH increase
Soil
pro
ble
ms
asse
sse
d (
%)
Figure 5: Responses of golf courses managers to negative impacts of reclaimed wastewater in golf courses in Marrakesh
WATER MANAGEMENT OF GOLF COURSES UNDER IRRIGATION WITH
RECLAIMED WASTEWATER IN MARRAKESH
SOIL MANAGEMENT
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Aeration Calciumtreatment
sulfur treatment gypsumtreatment
Leaching withwell water
Leaching withpotable waterP
erc
en
tage
of
golf
co
urs
es
(%)
Figure 6: Actions undertaken to overcome soil problems caused by irrigation with reclaimed
wastewater in surveyed golf courses in Marrakesh
All golf courses use Agrostis stolonifera. The use of Agrostis stolonifera was chosenfor its tolerance to various stresses, including drought, heat, frost and withstandinglow mowing heights (3 mm). 50% of respondents stated that reclaimed wastewaterdid not affect directly Agrostis stolonifera. Others claim it causes longer germinationperiods, fungal diseases, and rooting issues.
WATER MANAGEMENT OF GOLF COURSES UNDER IRRIGATION WITH
RECLAIMED WASTEWATER IN MARRAKESH
TURF MANAGEMENT
Generally, respondants claimed RWW didn’t have any direct effects on turf.
WATER MANAGEMENT OF GOLF COURSES UNDER IRRIGATION WITH
RECLAIMED WASTEWATER IN MARRAKESH
83%
17%
Fairway’s turfgrass
Paspalum pentium
Riviera bermuda
TURF MANAGEMENT
ISSUES FACED BY THE GOLF COURSES REUSING RECLAIMED
WASTEWATER
• Apart from signs that prohibit swimming in lakes without mentioning the source of the water and irrigation during closure time, no hygienic measures are taken by golf courses to protect clients. • 33% of respondents asked workers to put protection when they are in contact with reclaimed wastewater, but no hygienic measures were undertaken by employees.
HYGIENE MANAGEMENT
CONCLUSION
Reuse of reclaimed wastewater offer multiple benefits but present also some limits thatneeds appropriate management. As the golf industry tends to expand in Morocco, andmore golf courses will have to switch to reclaimed wastewater for irrigation, moreinvestigations must be undertaken in order to have a national guidelines and best
practices of reusing reclaimed wastewater in the golf industry.
Thanks for your attention !
BENLOUALI Hajar Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine,MoroccoPhone: +212 6 18 99 59 69E-mail: [email protected]