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GYRODACTYLUS SALARISand Atlantic Salmon
By
Jonathan Sheppard
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Gyrodactylus Salaris Identification (Morphology, Life Cycle, Discovery and Origination)
Spread Pathways (Anthropogenic, Migration)
Impacts (Ecologically, Economically)
Management Methods (Prevention, Eradication)
Main Points
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- Monogean skin/salmon fluke
- First discovered in 1957 in Sweden
- The host is the atlantic salmon parr
- “Salmon Killer”
Gyrodactylus Salaris
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- Simplest life cycle
- Hyper-vivaparous and external (outside the host) reproductive strategy
- Progenesis
- “Russian Doll Effect”
Gyrodactylus Salaris
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- Attaches to host with its posterior opisthaptor with 16!!! Sharp hooks
- Feeding occurs in the anterior end sucking up skin tissue and mucous
Gyrodactylus Salaris Morphology
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Spreading in G. SalarisPathways of
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• Originates from 3 native regions; Russia, and Baltic regions of Finland and Sweden
• In these regions the salmon have little to intermediate infection responses to G. Salaris
G. Salaris Spread
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• G. Salaris now reaches the atlantic salmon population in Norway, Denmark and the west coast of Sweden
• Norway has recorded over 41 of their river systems being infected
G. Salaris Spread
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• Anthropogenic movement of infected fish between hatcheries and fish farms in rivers
• Migration of infected fish in rivers and in brackish water through fiords
• Through the host transfer of other species of freshwater fish that does not support the parasite
Spread Pathways
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Impacts of G. SalarisEcological and Economical
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Infection from G. Salaris results in GYRODACTYLOSIS, early stages are:
Irritation; fish will undergo behaviours of rubbing and flashing
Later stages: Lethargic and isolating behaviours
G. Salaris and secondary infections ultimately lead to mortality
Ecological Impact
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Signs of the disease are Ulcers on the skin Peeling of the skin Fish appearing pale Excess mucus on the skin
Ecological Impact
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<100 in abundance sites are located on dorsal fin, pectoral and anal fin
>100 site specificity moves to the caudal fin
>1000 the body was infected
Ecological Impact - Specificity
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The density of salmon parr in 14 of norways rivers have been reduced by 86%!!!
Since G. salaris’ discovery in norway 25 years ago it has cost >500 million euros
Without any measures, the G. salaris may have reduced the Norwegian salmon fishery by 15 %
Economic Impact
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Management StrategiesPrevention, Eradication and Education
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o Management strategies differs between countries
o Norway and Sweden’s strategy is eradication
o Denmark and Scotland are taking prevention and education strategies
Management Strategies
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o Strict regulations are enforced on importing live
o Norway has produced posters to spread along rivers and methods to educate fishermen and others
o Some use of migration obstructions
Prevention and Education
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Rotenone is used as a widespread chemical in the river systems
Has proven to be effective in smaller rivers
Laboratory experiments have shown effectiveness with acid aluminum
Eradication
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Subdivisions of Gyrodactylus genus
Patterns of host specificity and host preference and evolutionary mechanisms of host switching
Further Research about G. Salaris
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References
Johnsen B.O. (2006): NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – Gyrodactylus salaris. – From: Online Database of the North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species – NOBANIS www.nobanis.org, Date of access x/x/200x.
Johnson, E. Skin Flukes (Gyrodactylus) Frank Prince-Iles ©2009 All Rights Reserved http://www.fishdoc.co.uk/disease/flukes.htm
Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals 2009. www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/aahm/2010/2.3.03_Gyrodactylosis.pdf
Baake, T. et al. The Biology of Gyrodactylid Monogeneans: The ‘‘Russian-Doll Killers’’. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY VOL 64
Baake, T. et al. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS. lished June 18 http://www.int-res.com/articles/dao/13/d013p063.pdf
Overview of the genus Gyrodactylu. Overview of the genus Gyrodactylusshttp://www.gyrodb.net/biology.php
Aquatic Animal Diseases Significant to Asia–Pacific Identification Field Guide. Parasitic diseases—Gyrodactylosis. http://library.enaca.org/Health/FieldGuide/html/fp001gyr.htm
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