Download - Gunpowder Empires
Gunpowder EmpiresGunpowder Empires
Ottoman - Mughal - Safavid(Turkey) - (India) - (Persia)
Ottoman - Mughal - Safavid(Turkey) - (India) - (Persia)
Gunpowder EmpiresGunpowder Empires
Developed strong, centralized political control through the use of military strength of gunpowder
Naval & land-based military power enhanced by the cannon
Conquered their competitors with superior military technology, aided by gunpowder
Developed strong, centralized political control through the use of military strength of gunpowder
Naval & land-based military power enhanced by the cannon
Conquered their competitors with superior military technology, aided by gunpowder
All the Gunpowder Emp’sAll the Gunpowder Emp’s
Manchu/Qing ChinaRussian EmpireMughal EmpireSafavid EmpireOttoman Empire
Manchu/Qing ChinaRussian EmpireMughal EmpireSafavid EmpireOttoman Empire
Changes associated w/ Gunpowder Empires
Changes associated w/ Gunpowder Empires
(1) Development of new-style empires and large state political systems come to dominate global political & military affairs
(2) Internal political structures based on military force decline in effectiveness
(3) Gunpowder empires increased global interaction between political states
(1) Development of new-style empires and large state political systems come to dominate global political & military affairs
(2) Internal political structures based on military force decline in effectiveness
(3) Gunpowder empires increased global interaction between political states
Gunpowder?Gunpowder? Diffusion of gunpowder from China
begins about 500 CE Mongols bring the technology WEST
along the Silk Road The increased use of firearms by these
empires allows their increased domination over smaller states (conquest)
OUTCOME: creation of multi-ethnic, unified regions with cultural and linguistic differences w/i the empire --> do you see an potential problems??
Diffusion of gunpowder from China begins about 500 CE
Mongols bring the technology WEST along the Silk Road
The increased use of firearms by these empires allows their increased domination over smaller states (conquest)
OUTCOME: creation of multi-ethnic, unified regions with cultural and linguistic differences w/i the empire --> do you see an potential problems??
Ottoman Empire: 1453-1699Ottoman Empire: 1453-1699 Military-based society Rewarded its soldiers with land grants
as the empire expanded Warrior-class (Janissaries) become more
independent and over-power the central government
Islamic empire Big accomplishment = conquest of
Constantinople/Istanbul Western Europe considers the Ottomans
their largest threat
Military-based society Rewarded its soldiers with land grants
as the empire expanded Warrior-class (Janissaries) become more
independent and over-power the central government
Islamic empire Big accomplishment = conquest of
Constantinople/Istanbul Western Europe considers the Ottomans
their largest threat
Suleiman the MagnificentSuleiman the Magnificent
Ruled 1520-1566Large territory acquired through
military conquestFocused more on conquest of land,
and continuing luxury good tradeDid not consider the arrival of sea-
based challenges (I.e. Portuguese)
Ruled 1520-1566Large territory acquired through
military conquestFocused more on conquest of land,
and continuing luxury good tradeDid not consider the arrival of sea-
based challenges (I.e. Portuguese)
Ottoman military crisisOttoman military crisisMilitary State Crisis Military technology evolved = canons and light
weight firearms -> size of Janissary grew & cavalry decreased
Inflation changed economy -> landholders that collected taxes based on fixed rates loss power -> couldn’t report to military
Islamic law = no reforming tax system -> government issued surtaxes to pay for Janissaries and bureaucrats
former landowning and job owning cavalrymen, short-term soldiers, tax-burdened peasants, and students with no money staged revolts
Military State Crisis Military technology evolved = canons and light
weight firearms -> size of Janissary grew & cavalry decreased
Inflation changed economy -> landholders that collected taxes based on fixed rates loss power -> couldn’t report to military
Islamic law = no reforming tax system -> government issued surtaxes to pay for Janissaries and bureaucrats
former landowning and job owning cavalrymen, short-term soldiers, tax-burdened peasants, and students with no money staged revolts
Decline of OttomansDecline of Ottomans
Land-grant system = increased power of the Janissaries
Economic inflation from silver brought back from New World
Challenges from Western Europe Internal rebellions:
Jannissaries Multi-ethnic disputes Rual administrative decline
Land-grant system = increased power of the Janissaries
Economic inflation from silver brought back from New World
Challenges from Western Europe Internal rebellions:
Jannissaries Multi-ethnic disputes Rual administrative decline
Safavid Empire: 1502-1722Safavid Empire: 1502-1722
Around the Persian Gulf region (modern-day Iraq)
Inherited large landholdings from the previous Persian empires
Fail to maintain internal control of government
Eventually defeated/conquered by the Ottomans in 1514
Islamic empire
Around the Persian Gulf region (modern-day Iraq)
Inherited large landholdings from the previous Persian empires
Fail to maintain internal control of government
Eventually defeated/conquered by the Ottomans in 1514
Islamic empire
SafavidSafavidShi’ite Islam (supporters of Ali)Used land-grant system for militaryUnity within the empire was found
in the general adherence to Islam as a religion, social structure and political tradition
Economy based on small-scale manufacturing of luxury goods
Nomadic peoples lack unity; lack desire to build agricultural econ.
Shi’ite Islam (supporters of Ali)Used land-grant system for militaryUnity within the empire was found
in the general adherence to Islam as a religion, social structure and political tradition
Economy based on small-scale manufacturing of luxury goods
Nomadic peoples lack unity; lack desire to build agricultural econ.
Safavid DeclineSafavid Decline
Inflation from silverLack of a diversified economyMilitary/soldiers defectNomadic/tribal culture proves
difficult to unify and controlOutside challenges: Ottoman and
Uzbek (tribal Turks)
Inflation from silverLack of a diversified economyMilitary/soldiers defectNomadic/tribal culture proves
difficult to unify and controlOutside challenges: Ottoman and
Uzbek (tribal Turks)
Mughal India, 1526-1761Mughal India, 1526-1761
Re-unifies IndiaFirst to include the southern tip of
India in unification Islamic government (like the Delhi
Sultanate before it)Thriving trading economy -->
I.O.M.S.
Re-unifies IndiaFirst to include the southern tip of
India in unification Islamic government (like the Delhi
Sultanate before it)Thriving trading economy -->
I.O.M.S.
Trade under the GuptaTrade under the Gupta
Mughal: Internal ProblemsMughal: Internal Problems
Increasing tensions between Muslim minority and Hindu majority Despite reconciliation attempts by Akbar
(Muslim-Hindu marriage; rescinding Muslim tax)
Akbar last great, organized ruler of Mughal India
Regional powers begin to over-power the central authority
Increasing tensions between Muslim minority and Hindu majority Despite reconciliation attempts by Akbar
(Muslim-Hindu marriage; rescinding Muslim tax)
Akbar last great, organized ruler of Mughal India
Regional powers begin to over-power the central authority
Mughal: External problemsMughal: External problems Indian Ocean trade:
Initially controlled by independent merchants from Arabian peninsula, India and SE Asia (some Chinese too)
Mughal India makes large effort to control trade, successful for a period of time
Arrival of Portuguese with firepower and beter ships --> decline of local/India control
Dutch displace Portuguese British arrive = :( for India
Strong central government Established central government Early manufacturing of textiles
Competition from Western Europe in manufacturing
Indian Ocean trade: Initially controlled by independent merchants
from Arabian peninsula, India and SE Asia (some Chinese too)
Mughal India makes large effort to control trade, successful for a period of time
Arrival of Portuguese with firepower and beter ships --> decline of local/India control
Dutch displace Portuguese British arrive = :( for India
Strong central government Established central government Early manufacturing of textiles
Competition from Western Europe in manufacturing
Similarities between Gunpowder Empires?Similarities between Gunpowder Empires?
Political?Economic?Social?Decline?
Political?Economic?Social?Decline?