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GROWTH ROTATIONS
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INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental educationwww.indiandentalacademy.com
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Contents
• Introduction• Terminologies• Concepts of Mandibular growth Rotations• Concepts of Maxillary growth Rotations• Prediction of Mand growth Rotation• Interaction b/n jaw Rotation &Tooth eruption• Clinical implications• conclusion
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Introduction
Since Cephalometrics introduced in 1930, originally used to reveal The Anatomy of head
Longitudinal study is possible, soon employed to test various Concepts of mechanisms of postnatal growth of head
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Introduction
Longitudinal Cephalometrics analysis of profile radiographs shows that facial shape is remarkably constant during growth
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• Until the use of metallic implants the extent to which the mand & maxilla rotate during growth was not appreciated
• The Rotation tends to be masked by surface remodeling
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• Lande in 1952 observed that the lower border of the mand becomes less steeply inclined
• The phrase “GROWTH ROTATION” was introduced in 1955 by Bjork
• With the use of metallic implants, He could infer the sites & amt of growth & resorption
• Superimposing 2 consecutive tracings showed that the older Mand rotated
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Forward Rotation (Bjork)
Counterclockwise Rotation (shudy) Posterior growth is greater than Anterior
Backward ward Rotation (Bjork)
Clockwise Rotation (shudy)
Anterior growth is greater than posterior
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TERMINOLOGIES
• 1965-Schudy introduced clockwise and counterclockwise rotation.
• 1969-Bjork discussed different directions of rotation of the mandibular implant line and the relation of these to mandibular form.
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• 1970-Odegard described rotation as the change in the orientation that can occur between implant line and lower border of the mandible.
• 1977-Lavergne and Gasson described the terms Positional and Morphogenetic rotations.
• 1983-Bjork and Skieller gave the terms- Total rotation. Matrix rotation. Intramatrix rotation
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• 1985-Dibbets introduced the term Counterbalancing rotation.
• 1988-Solow,Houston
True rotation.
Apparent rotation.
Angular remodeling of the lower border.
• Proffit- used the terms
Internal rotation.
Total rotation .
External rotation.www.indiandentalacademy.com
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• Is the rotation of the mandibular corpus
and is measured as a change in
inclination of the implant line, in the
mandibular corpus relative to the
anterior cranial base.
TOTAL ROTATION / TRUE ROTATION / INTERNAL ROTATION
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If the implant line rotates forwards, the total rotation is designated as Negative
The Total Forward Rotation is indicated by converging sella – nasion lines
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MATRIX ROTATION / APPARENT ROTATION / TOTAL ROTATION
• Rotation of the soft tissue matrix of the mandible relative to the Anterior cranial base
• The soft tissue matrix is defined by the Tangential mandibular line(ML1)
• Is designated as Negative,when Tangential mandibular line rotates forwards
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The matrix rotates forwards & backwards in same individual during the growth period – PENDULUM
MOVEMENT
Center of Rotation – Condyles
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INTRAMATRIX ROTATION/ ANGULAR REMODELING/
EXTERNAL ROTATION
Defined as the change in inclination of an implant line in the mandibular corpus relative to the tangential mandibular line
Intramatrix Rotation is an expression of remodeling at the lower border of the mandible
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• Forward Rotation of the corpus relative to the tangential mand line is recorded as Negative
• Center of rotation is somewhere in the corpus
• Depends on rotation of corpus of mand & rotation of maxilla & occlusion of teeth
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++++++
--------
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--------
++++++
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• The diff b/n Total Rotation & Matrix Rotation is intramatrix Rotation
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• According to Bjork & Skieller’ “Intramatrix” concept
First,the mandible “wiggles” with in the matrix Second,this “wiggling” is associated
predominantly with the corpus, but is caused by the growing condyle
Third, Rotation results from or compensates for, a genetically determined program
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Total Rotation
True Rotation
Internal Rotation
Matrix Rotation
Apparent Rotation
Total Rotation
Intramatrix Rotation
Angular Remodeling of lower border
External Rotation
Rotation of Mandibular core relative to cranial base implants
Rotation of Mandibular plane relative to cranial base
Rotation of Mandibular plane relative to core of Mandible
BJORK SOLOW, HOUSTON
PROFFIT
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• The Total Rotation = Matrix Rotation
+
IntraMatrix Rotation
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• The center of Total Rotation depends on other two centers of Rotation
• The pattern of vertical facial development is strongly related to the Rotation of both the jaws
• For an average individual with normal vertical
facial height
• Total Rotation = – 15
Matrix Rotation = –4
IntraMatrix Rotation = –11 www.indiandentalacademy.com
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“Positional” & “Morphogenetic” Rotation
Given by Lavergne & Gasson
Positional Rotation deals with the position of the mandible with in the head
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Morphogenetic Rotation
• concerns the shape of the mandible itself
• super imposing the two tracings on a line through condylion & pogonion
•The angle b/n two implant lines is determined & this corresponds to the degree of morphogenetic Rotation
• similer to Bjork’s Intramatrix Rotation but not identical
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Lavergne & Gasson-Found the effective
mechanism in Ramus, its forward or backward growth,therby shortening or elongating the effective length of the mandible
Bjork & Skieller consider the key factor of Intramatrix rotation to be found in a rotation of the mandibular corpus inside its matrix
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• Maxillary – Mandibular sagittal discrepancy is minimized by opening or closing the gonial angle
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“It is a compensating mechanism which is capable of enlarging or reducing mandibular length as measured along the condylion-pogonion diagonal”
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J.M.H.Dibbets
• Re-examination of the concept of “Intramatrix Rotation" as defined by Bjork & Skieller & also explored by Lavergne & Gasson
• Three diff interpretations of Intramatrix concept are
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• First option - Bjork & Skieller define the “Intramatrix Rotation” as
The Rotation of the mandibular corpus relative to the lower border is a result of genetically determined condylar growth both in magnitude & in direction
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Bjork approach Superimposing two tracings of the same mandible registered upon natural reference structures shows Rotation
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Divergence of implant lines indicatesIntramatrix rotation
Superimposed on implant markersIndicates extensive remodeling
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• The condyle grows on a circular arc with radius from center at chin to the condyle.
• When two tracings are superimposed on their contours, they are identical in size & shape.
• The external configuration of mandible need not change in order to allow ‘Intramatrix rotation’
• Any Depositional or Resorptive activity maintains original contours
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Painting rotated with in frame but external configuration & dimensions do not change
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• The bony element can rotate with in its periosteal frame
• Every deflection of condylar growth creates the possibility of compensatory remodeling, mostly resorption of the lower border resulting in Intramatrix rotation
• Intramatrix Rotation neutralizes the condylar growth.
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Second option-Hunterian conceptor Morphogenetic rotation
Posterior ramal deposition &Posterior ramal deposition &Ant resorptionAnt resorption
The direction of condylar growthThe direction of condylar growthfollows pattern that enlarges the follows pattern that enlarges the Mandible maximallyMandible maximally
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Third option - Dibbets• Two divergent patterns of mandibular growth
• 1)Circular growth pattern of condyle, resulting in Intramatrix Rotation without any enlargement of mandible
• 2)linear growth pattern of the condyle, characterized by the absence of intramatrix rotation but evidencing mandibular enlargement.
suggested mechanism
Counterbalancing Rotationwww.indiandentalacademy.com
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Counterbalancing Rotation
“Counterbalancing Rotation pertains to circular condylar growth, accompanied by selective coordinated remodeling, which does not contribute to the incremental growth of the
mandible”
*The actual path of the mand condyle is accompanied by selective remodeling & thus neutralizes the growth
* Results in selective enlargement of the mandible, apart & distinct from mechanisms that have been described in the
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Counterbalancing proportion
Defined as the percentage of condylar incremental growth, detected by implants that has contributed to the enlargement of the condylion- pogonion dimension
• The quantification & comparison of condylar growth & mandibular enlargement
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Counterbalancing =Counterbalancing = proportionproportion
Growth of articulare to pogonionGrowth of articulare to pogonion
Condylar incremental growthCondylar incremental growth×100×100
Mandibular growth =pg-Ar2 – Mandibular growth =pg-Ar2 –
Pg-Ar1Pg-Ar1
Condylar growth – Ar1 – Ar2Condylar growth – Ar1 – Ar2
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• According to the concept of congruous mandibular growth, the proportion expected is 100%.
• But the proportion ranges from 50% to 97%.
• Average counterbalancing proportion for Angle classes Class III – 85% Class I – 76% Class II Div 2 – 59% Class II Div 1– 65.5%
Effective contribution vary among individuals because of varying condylar directions & mand remodeling
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Concepts of mandibular Rotations
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Enlow’s concept
Two categories of Rotations
- Remodeling Rotations
- Displacement Rotations
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Remodeling
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Ramus • Ramus undergoes remodeling to carryout
following functions
• Place the corpus in constant functional relationship with maxillary arch
• To bridge the pharyngeal compartment
• To accommodate the vertical dimension of nasomaxillary complex
• Give attachment to the growing masticatory musculature. www.indiandentalacademy.com
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Vertical lengthening ramus continues after horizontal growth ceases
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Opening and closing of the gonial angle compensates for extreme forward or backward rotation
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• Vertical growth changes of the mandibular dento-alveolar arch, the ramus & middle cranialfossae must match nasomaxillary growth to achieve facial balance
• Any diff will lead to Displacement mand Rotations
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Displacement rotations
• Changes in the junctional contact with the cranial floor and maxilla.
• Cranial base angle-
Open-downward and backward rotation of mandible.
Closed-forward rotation.
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Open AngleClosed Angle
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Vertically short midface causes forward rotation & upward inclination of mandible
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Long nasomaxillary region causes downward
& backward alignment of mandible
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Schudy’s concept
• The Rotation of the mandible resulting from an inhormony b/n vertical growth & horizontal growth
• Counter clockwise Rotation - deficiency of vertical growth compared to
horizontal growth & tends to cause closed bite
• Clockwise Rotation – excessive vertical growth compared to horizontal growth & tends to cause open bite
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Vertical elements of growth
• Growth at nasion
• Growth of maxillary corpus
• Growth of max post alveolar processes
• Growth of mand post alveolar processes
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Posterior growth analysis
A= I+ II + III
The ratio b/n horizontal growth & Vertical growth
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Bjork concept
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Forward Rotation – 3 Types
Type – I
Center- TMJ
Deep bite
↓ Ant facial height
Lower dental arch compressed in to upper
Cause-occlusal imbalance due to loss of teeth/powerful musculature
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• Type II• Center- incisal edges of lower ant teeth
• Marked development of post facial height & normal ↑ ant facial height
• ↑ Post facial height
Lowering of middle cranial fossae
increase in height of ramus
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Vertical direction of the condylar growth lowered the mandible more than it is carried forward
Muscular & ligamentus attachments Carries the lowered mandible forward
Lower border undergoes characteristic remodeling
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Type III
Center of rotation - premolars
The dental arches compressed in to each other & basal deep bite develops
Cause – Anomalous occlusion of ant teeth
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• The inclination of teeth is greatly influenced by rotation of jaws
• Displaces the path of eruption of teeth in mesial direction
• Ant crowding referred as packing
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Backward Rotation –two TypesType I
Center - TMJ
Causes- the middle Cranial fossae is rised
-Incomplete development in height of middle cranial fossae as in oxycephaly
underdevelopment of post facial height leads to Backward Rotation
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Type II
• Center – Most distal occluding molars
• Cause - Sagittal growth direction of condyle
• The symphysis is swung backwards & chin drawn back
• Double chin
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Basal open bite develops
Lower ant teeth retroclined & alveolar prognathism is reduced
Rotation did not lie in the over eruption of lower teeth
This type of rotation is characteristic in condylar hypoplasia & In condylar aplasia
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Mandibular growth Rotation is closely associated with both the direction & the amount of growth at the condyles
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Maxillary Rotations
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Bjork & Skieller
Implant studies of Bjork & Skieller have shown that, The downward & forward displacement of maxillae are associated with varying degrees of vertical Rotation
Internal Rotation produced with in the core of maxilla tends to be masked by surface changes & alterations in the rate of teeth eruption
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• The maxilla is less easy to delude in to core of bone & functional processes
• Alveolar process is functional process but no areas of muscle attachment
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• Lateral implants – 4yrs of age, inserted in the zygomatic process two on each side, antly on the lower margin away from the crest
•Indicates increase in width of median suture at the level of first molars
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• Anterior implants – 10yrs of age, inserted below the anterior nasal spine on each side of median suture at the level of apices of central incisors
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• Maxillary Rotations studied in 2 planes
Transverse plane
Vertical plane
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Transverse / Mutual Rotation of two Maxillae
Triangle is constructed with the sides of constant length by joining ant & lateral implants
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• Lateral implants separate more than ant implants
• Two maxillae rotate in relation to each other in transverse plane
• Length of the maxilla is reduced in mid sagittal plane
• Length of dental arch becomes reduced
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Vertical Rotation
A line from tip of ant implant toLateral implant is drawn on profile radiograph
Tracings shows change in inclination of implant line to the SN plane at diff ages
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The inclination of nasal floor to ant cranial base is maintained by differential remodeling
In forward rotation – theresorption at nasal flooris greater antly than postly
Facial growth is greater postly
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In backward Rotation - Rotates downwards & backwards
Resorption at nasal floor is greater postly
Facial growth is greater antly than postly
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Enlow’s
Maxillary Rotations
Displacement Remodeling
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Displacement Rotations
Primary displacement
The whole nasomaxillary complex is displaced in conjunction with its own growth
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Secondary Displacement
- Results from growth of other bones & their soft tissues
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• Displacement in clockwise/counterclockwise direction would result in canting & misfit of the palate & maxillary arch in to either open / closed bite positions
• Remodeling fields along nasal & oral sides of the palate offset & compensate
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Remodeling
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2-3 – primary displacement
1-2 - Remodeling movement
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Prediction of mandibular growth Rotation
Bjork method
• Longitudinal method
• Metric method
• Structural method
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Longitudinal method
• The course of development in annual x-ray Cephalometric films
• Superimposed on natural reference strs
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Rotation – angle b/n SN lines
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Limitations
Pattern of growth is not constant
• permits observation of changes only in sagittal direction
• Changes in vertical direction are masked to larger extent
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Metric method
• Prediction of facial development on basis of facial morphology ,determined from a single x-ray
• Statistical studies – predicting the intensity & direction of development from shape & size at childhood is not feasible
• The changes in shape of face during adolescence weakly correlated with shape of face at 12yrs
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Structural method
• Based on information gained from implant studies of mandibular remodeling process
• Recognizes specific structural signs develop as a result of remodeling
• Various types of rotations can be recognized with implant method
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Structural signs
• Seven structural signs of extreme growth rotation
• Considered in relation to condylar growth direction
• Greater the number, more reliable the prediction will be.
• Signs are not clearly developed before puberty
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• Inclination of condylar head
• Curvature of the mandibular canal • The shape of the lower border of the mandible
• Inclination of the symphysis
• Interincisal angle
• Interpremolar and molar angles • Lower anterior face heightwww.indiandentalacademy.com
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Condylar Inclination
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Mandibular Canal
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Lower Border & Inclination of Symphysis
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Inter Incisal Inclination
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Inter Molar Relation
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Condylar Inclination
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Mandibular Canal
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Lower Border & Inclination of Symphysis
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Inter Incisal Inclination
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Inter Molar Relation
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• But Baumrind & Rodney lee contradicted findings of Bjork et al very strongly
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• The study conducted in our Department by violet barbosa,
• Lower gonial angle
• Inclination of condylar head
• Inclination of symphysis are reliable signs to predict the type of rotation
• Limited extent
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Interaction b/n Rotation & Tooth eruption
• Rotational pattern greatly influences the magnitude & direction of eruption
• Superimposition on mand lower border- no change in incisor eruption
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Forward Rotation
• Superimposition on implants – forward directed path of eruption
• Forward migration of whole dentition
• Anterior crowding
• Lower post teeth- more upright
• Increase in interpremolar & intermolar angles www.indiandentalacademy.com
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Average values:Mandibular archMean forward migration of mandibular molars - 5.2mm.Lower central incisors-3.2mm.Shortening of the dental arch-2.0mm.
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Average values:• Maxillary arch
-Mesial migration I molars-5mm
-central incisors-2.5mm
Shortening of arch-1mm+1.5mm
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Backward Rotation
• Incisors become retroclined
• Alv prognathism is reduced
• Eruption of lower molars – hindered
• Interpremolar& intermolar angles are small
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• Proffit
-The lower mandibular teeth erupt in upward and forward direction.
-Forward rotation –alters the path of eruption-directed posteriorly.
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Clinical implications
Forward Rotation
• Short face type• “Square jaw” type• Low mandibular plane angle• Skeletal anterior deep bite• Crowding of anterior teeth• Palatal plane is nearly
horizontal. • smile - lower incisors are
visible with the upper incisors hidden behind the upper lip.
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Backward Rotation• Long face type• “Round jaw” type• Steep mandibular plane
angle• Skeletal anterior open
bite• Dental protrusion• Negative inclination of
palatal plane
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• Various combinations of rotations can cause malocclusions
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• Hypodivergent - can compensate for class II - worsen class III
Hyperdivergent - worsen class II
- compensate for class III
Growth Rotation can also affect sagittally
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Treatment in preadolescent children
Growth modification-Vertical, sagittal, transverse
Before adolescent growth spurt ends
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• Both forward & Backward rotation greatly influences paths of eruption
• Serious risk of extreme migration after extractions
• Extractions should be avoided until the beginning of pubertal growth spurt
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• Forward Rotation
• Major risk of deep bite developing- prevented stabilizing appliance introduced before puberty
• After treatment, stabilization is necessary until the growth of the jaws is completed
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• Mandibular deficiency• Functional appliances • Removable appliances Activator, Bionator, Frankel 1&2 Bimler’s appliance, Twin block appliance
• Fixed Herbst appliance, Jasper jumper, Churro
jumper,Forsus
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Mandibular excess
Functional appliances
Frankel 3
Reverse Activator
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MANDIBULAR EXCESS
• extra oral force• orthopedic chin cup• occipital pull chin cup
vertical pull chin cup
Steep mandibular plane angle & excessive lower facial height.
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ADULTS
BILATERAL SAGITTAL SPLIT OSTEOTOMY
SET BACK ADVANCEMENT
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Maxillary deficiency
• Growth modulation in
sagittal plane can be done :
1.face mask
2.reverse functional
appliances.
Delaire facemask
Petite facemaskwww.indiandentalacademy.com
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Maxillary excess
• To restrict the maxillary growth
Headgear
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Cervical head gear:
used in patients with horizontal growth pattern with reduced lower facial height.
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Occipital pull Head gear:-
Used in long face patients with high mandibular plane angle.
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References • Contemporary orthodontics
- William.R.Proffit(2nd &3rd ed.)
• Essentials of of facial growth
- Donald.H.Enlow.
• Dentofacial orthopaedics with functional appliances
-Thomas M.Graber, Thomas Rakosi, Alexandrer G.Petrovic.
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• Facial growth and facial orthopedics.
-van der Linden.
• Determinants of mandibular form & growth (CFGS) Monograph-4
• Factors effecting growth of the midface (CFGS) Monogrph-6.
• The rotation of mandible resulting from growth;Its implications in orthodontic treament -F.F.Schudy-AO 1965.no.1,36-50.
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• Prediction of growth rotation - A.Bjork-AJO-DO-1969,jun 39-53.
• Facial development and tooth eruption :an implant study at the age of puberty-A.Bjork,V.Skieller AJO-DO 1972,62,4;339-383.
• Normal and abnormal growth of mandible.a synthesis of longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25 years.A.Bjork,V.Skieller.EJO-1983,5;1-46.
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• The puzzle of growth rotation. J.M.H.Dibbets –AJO-DO June 1985 ,87,6;473-480.
• Mandibular rotations – concepts & terminology
Beni Solow & William Houston J B-EJO-1988,10;177-179.
• Mandibular rotation and enlargement. J.M.H.Dibbets.AJO-DO July 1990,29-32.
• Mandibular morphologic characteristics in relation to various facial types and jaw rotations.- Dr. Violet Barbosa Aug 1996. www.indiandentalacademy.com
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Thank you
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