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05/11/2012 1
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05/11/2012 3
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Regenerating the post industrial communities of North West
England
Professor John Handley
Green Space and Communities: a life’s work
Reconnecting people and place in hard times
Manchester Town Hall, Wednesday 31st October 2012
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Green Space and Communities: a life’s work
“…I’ve assumed that at least part of your narrative will be about what happened in the North West over a number of years and what that brings in terms of learning and insight.”
Conference brief
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The nature of landscape“Landscape means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors.” European Landscape Convention, 2000
“Environment sustains us as creatures; landscape displays us as cultures.”
Source: Meinig 1979
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Three dimensions of landscape scale
Source: Selman, 2006
future
present
past
pristine
(agri)cultural
urbanic
national regional local
Temporal
Spatial
Modification
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The North West Region
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Contrasting Regional Perspectives
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Heritage Landscapes
Castle Rigg Stone Circle, Cumbria
Coterill Clough, Manchester
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Degraded Landscapes
Acornfield Plantation – before & after
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The Environmental Legacy• Smoke & sulphur dioxide pollution• Water pollution of rivers & aquifer drawdown• Derelict & despoiled land
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Dealing with the legacy
• Strategic plan for the North West, 1971• Establishment of Government Office for the
North West, 1972• Creation of Metropolitan Counties, 1974• Response to the Toxteth riots, 1981
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Toxteth Riots – the aftermathThe Scarman Report recognised that the 1981 riots (in Toxteth in Brixton) did reflect social problems, such as poverty and deprivation. Government responded by sending Michael Heseltine as a “Minister for Mersyside” to set up the Merseyside Task Force and launch a series of initiatives including Liverpool International Garden Festival, The Mersey Basin Campaign and Operation Groundwork.
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The Mersey Basin CampaignA strategic long-term programme to:
• Restore water quality • Promote waterside regeneration• Secure community engagement
A public private partnership underpinned by political commitment and European legislation.
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Rivers in the Mersey catchment: a polluted and degraded resource
Source Manchester City Council
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The Mersey Basin Campaign: Medlock and Tame River Valley Initiative
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Sustainability and The Mersey Basin Campaign
Source: Wood, Handley and
Kidd,1999
Mersey Basin
Campaign
Environmental Sustainability
Public Sector
Social Sustainability
Voluntary Sector
Economic Sustainability
Private Sector
(Water quality, biodiversity)
(Landward regeneration)| (Community networks)
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“Operation Groundwork is being launched as a national experiment to regenerate land blighted by industry and town development. The first project is around St. Helens and Knowsley – others will follow if it succeeds.”
Source: Groundwork Prospectus, 1981/2
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The Groundwork Trust will:
• Co-ordinate capital programmes
• Carry out small scale projects itself
• Build a working partnership
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“Operation Groundwork is being launched at a time when public and private resources are scarce – indeed, the design of the project stems from the need to devise new ways of achieving social and economic objectives when money is tight. The aim is to harness resources which already exist in a local community.”
Source: Groundwork Prospectus 1981/2
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Groundwork North West
In July, 1982 Heseltine declares that this approach must now be rolled out across North West England, with 5 more Groundwork projects in the next wave:
• Macclesfield • Oldham and Rochdale• Rossendale
• Salford and Trafford• Wigan
John Davidson establishes Groundwork North West
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Rossendale Groundwork
“The Rossendale Groundwork Trust was established to conserve and improve the
landscape and environment of Rossendale and to promote the understanding and enjoyment of
the countryside.”
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Rossendale Groundwork Rossendale Groundwork projects:
• Mending dry stone walls
• Waymarking footpaths
• Farm open days and tree planting
• Training in countryside skills
• Trails, footpath and bridleway guides
• Conservation of natural features and older buildings
• Developments of farm tourism
• Countryside management schemes
• Land reclamation schemes
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Community involvement is central to the Groundwork approach
“Each Groundwork Trust is established with a clear objective to bring about local environmental regeneration through a partnership with the local community. Local ownership is an essential asset of the Groundwork approach and individual Trusts develop their own programmes based on local needs.”
Groundwork Foundation, 1992: Groundwork Operating System
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Capturing the benefits of community involvement in neighbourhood renewal
“Measuring outcomes is the most meaningful exercise if we are interested in how far the goals of a project have been achieved or how long-lasting the difference will be.”
New Economics Foundation, 2000
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The challenge of sustaining community involvement in greening
Christine Bradley reviews community greening and concludes that successful projects require a strategic approach:
• Key worker strategy • Rules and rewards strategy • Controlled access strategy
Christine Bradley 1986, Community Involvement in Greening, Groundwork Foundation
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Community greening revisitedIn 2009, Emma Hewitt reviews the role of community green space projects in promoting sustainable community cohesion.
Nine projects are reviewed against 10 indicators of community cohesion.
Three types of project were included:
• Parks and gardens• Community orchards and allotments• Street and local area greening initiatives
All projects were in the operational phase.
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Modes of engagement vs success of green space projects in promoting cohesion
Source: Hewitt, 2009, University of Manchester
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Effect of typology and scale in achieving community cohesion
Source: Hewitt, 2009, University of Manchester
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The challenge of managing restored landscapes
“At the outset of Operation Groundwork reservations were expressed that the new landscapes created by land reclamation would place a heavy burden on the thinly spread resources of local authorities.”
Groundwork Trust Annual Report, 1984/5
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The Public Landscape System
Labour
Land
Capital
Management System
Public Landscape
Landscape Budget
Local Authority Income
LandscapeUtilisation
Source: Handley and Bulmer, 1987
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Making the most of greenspace Maximise landscape benefits whilst minimising costs through:
• Encouraging a natural approach• Promoting community involvement• Introducing new sources of income• Improving landscape efficiency
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Making the most of greenspace Making the most of greenspace resonates with modern concepts such as: • Landscape Benefit• Multi-functionality• Green Infrastructure • Ecosystem Services
Fiddler’s Ferry Power Station
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Capital and revenue costs of reclaimed derelict land
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The Mersey & Red Rose Forests – a strategic partnership in the Mersey Belt
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Community Forestry provides a setting for redevelopment for housing…
Courtesy of Richard Cass Associates
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…and a multifunctional solution in its own right (Mersey Community Forest)
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Bold Moss : a large-scale demonstration project by the Groundwork Trust
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Working with peopleduring
after
before
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Working with nature
meadow wetland heathland
0
5
10
15
20
2.0
-2.5
2.6
-3.0
3.1
-3.5
3.6
-4.0
4.1
-4.5
4.6
-5.0
5.1
-5.5
5.6
-6.0
6.1
-6.5
6.6
-7.0
7.1
-7.5
7.6
-8.0
8.1
-8.5
Fre
qu
en
cy
0
5
10
15
20
2.0-
2.5
2.6-
3.0
3.1-
3.5
3.6-
4.0
4.1-
4.5
4.6-
5.0
5.1-
5.5
5.6-
6.0
6.1-
6.5
6.6-
7.0
7.1-
7.5
7.6-
8.0
8.1-
8.5
Freq
uenc
y
pH range pH range
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An ecological approach to land restoration:
• works with the grain of natural recovery• regards physico-chemical variability as a positive asset – a
template for biodiversity• recognises that humankind is ‘within nature as part of the
natural eco-system’• promotes meaningful social engagement through effective
community involvement• seeks to achieve long-term sustainability of the restored
landscape
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Testing the Ecological ApproachTo examine the effectiveness of an ecological approach (within Groundwork’s Changing Places Programme) through evaluating:
i. The effectiveness of community participation;ii. The extent to which natural processes are
involved;iii. The long-term sustainability of the restored
landscape.
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Key lessons for building sustainable landscapes
• Maintaining community involvement beyond short-term project implementation;
• Developing a long-term ecological vision;
• Devising a land management mechanism with an income stream.
Source: Groundwork and University ofManchester Ecoregen project team, 2002
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Land Management Model
Land
scap
e Be
nefit
Management intensity
Covenanted Greenspace
Tangible product
Endowment funding
Non-market benefits Revenue
Source: Groundworkand University ofManchester, 2002
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Blue-print for a National Land Restoration Trust
“English Partnerships, Groundwork, the Forestry Commission and the Environment Agency will create the Land Restoration Trust to restore and manage brownfield land that is suitable only for use as public green space. The Trust will work in partnership with local communities.”
Source: ODPM, 2003, Planning for sustainable communities
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The Land TrustTen years on The Land Trust is now an established charity with in excess of £50 million endowed funding and a substantial estate, including the restored Liverpool Festival Gardens.
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The virtuous circle underlying landscape condition
Virtuous CircleLandscape Quality Quality Of Life
• Enhancing personal well-being• Landscape character ’valorised’• Land-care efforts sustain
population base, social structures and traditions
• Investment in land care• Vibrant economy and customs• Adding to or sustaining built,
natural and social capital
Source: Selman, 2006
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Conclusion
“The choice then is not between old and new but between good landscape and bad. But it is a choice, and even though it is sad that the old must go (as it always has been), the true tragedy is not that the old must go but that the new should be bad.”
Nan Fairbrother (1970) ‘New Lives, New Landscapes’
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Acknowledgements
Many thanks to Richard Sharland for inspirational discussions and to Jayne Mann of
Groundwork MSSTT for invaluable help with this presentation.
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The BLACK COUNTRY
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More GREEN and BLUEthan BLACK
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'Hints on Breathing Places for the Metropolis and country towns and villages ' (1829)
J.C. Loudon
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“the destruction of forests leads
to violent alternations of temperature
and an increase of
floods”
Midland Re-afforesting Association
circa 1912
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“The presence of trees,
besides being pleasant to the
eye, and refreshing to tired workers, will improve the general
health of the district”
Midland Re-afforesting Association
circa 1912
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BLACK COUNTRY FIRSTS
• The Endless Village, 1978• First Urban Wildlife Group, 1979• First nature conservation strategy, 1981• Black Country Urban Forest, 1990• Urban Nature Improvement Area (NIA) 2012
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FUTURE CHALLENGES
• Responding to climate change• Improving health & wellbeing
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Climate changeand modern living put the environment - and people -under much more stress
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Business as usualwill not be enough
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recreation
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GROUNDWORK• Impressive track record• Exceptional alumni
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31st October 2012, Manchester
David LlewellynValleys Regional Park
www.thevalleys.org.uk
Creating a New Vision for The Valleys‘Maximising the social and economic potential
of the natural and cultural heritage’
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31st October 2012, Manchester
PASTHow did we get here? Personal reflectionsPRESENTWhere are we? The ChallengesFUTUREThe vision: how are we going to get there? (Re-) Connnection
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1913 - Peak of production and manpower57 million tonnes of coal produced - >30% of the world’s coal exports
232,800 men employed - >200 deep mines31st October 2012, Manchester
The Valleys
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31st October 2012, Manchester
Cwmtillery 1972
The Valleys: Changing Landscapes
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31st October 2012, Manchester
Cwmtillery 1962
The Valleys: Changing Landscapes
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31st October 2012, Manchester
Cwmtillery 1972
The Valleys: Changing Landscapes
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31st October 2012, Manchester
Cwmtillery 1972
The Valleys: Changing Landscapes
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31st October 2012, Manchester
Cwmtillery 1972
The Valleys: Changing Landscapes
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31st October 2012, Manchester
Cwmtillery 2012
The Valleys: Changing Landscapes
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31st October 2012, Manchester
Cwmtillery 2012Cwmtillery 2012
The Valleys: Changing Landscapes
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31st October 2012, Manchester
Cwm Darran, 1972
The Valleys: Changing Landscapes
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31st October 2012, Manchester
Cwm Darran, 2012
The Valleys: Changing Landscapes
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Blaenrhondda, 1947
31st October 2012, Manchester
The Valleys: Changing Landscapes
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31st October 2012, Manchester
Blaenrhondda, 2012
The Valleys: Changing Landscapes
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AberfanFriday October 21st 1966
144 people killed - 116 children31st October 2012, Manchester
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Rhondda Valleys Development Plan, 1968
1960-1966: 40 ha (4 schemes)1976-1987: 3618 haDavies CS, Environmental Management (1988) 12, 479-490 31st October 2012, Manchester
The Valleys: Changing Landscapes
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1985-91: Large scale closures of deep mines in south Wales1994: Closure of Tower Colliery, the last deep-mine in south Wales
31st October 2012, Manchester
The Valleys: Changing Landscapes
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31st October 2012, Manchester
The Valleys: Changing Landscapes
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Working with Nature Working with People Conserving local identity Commitment to design & innovation
1997 - Partnership between CCW, EAW, WDA, FCW, WTB and local authorities Groundwork Wales co-ordination
Continue reclamation of derelict land:• Landscape strategies• Countryside Strategies• Objective 1 EU funding (2000-2006)
31st October 2012, Manchester
The Valleys: Changing Landscapes
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Taf Bargoed Valley
31st October 2012, Manchester
Commended
The Valleys: Changing Landscapes
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1913 - Peak of production and manpower: 57 million tonnes of coal produced - > 30% of the world’s coal exports
232,800 men employed – > 200 deep mines31st October 2012, Manchester
The Valleys: the Legacies and Challenges
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31st October 2012, Manchester
“A 13 mile journey between Abertillery and Abergavenny should not mean a potential life expectancy difference of four years”Dr. Tony Jewell – former Chief Medical Officer for Wales BMJ 2008; 337: a2805
The Valleys: the Legacies and Challenges
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1881 1921 1961 20010
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
• high levels of economic inactivity/low quality of jobs and opportunities• low educational attainment and skills levels• high incidence of long-term health problems• declining population (demographic change)• an unfavourable image• poorly equipped town centres and a lack of quality housing • limited transport and poor telecommunications in some areas
31st October 2012, Manchester
2011
The Valleys: the Legacies and Challenges
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31st October 2012, Manchester
The Valleys: (Re) Connecting People and Place
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1934 Special Areas Act – South Wales Valleys
“Nothing is more important than the problems of the Region should be fully understood by its own people...out of which, let us hope... action will come.”
South Wales needs a plan (1935)HA Marquand Professor of Industrial RelationsUniversity College, Cardiff
Lloyd and Jackson 1949
31st October 2012, Manchester
The Valleys: A Future Vision?
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Valleys Regional Parks Proposal
• 4 areas suggested• “....should have good pathway systems, with adequately planned bus stations, car parks, shelters and restaurants.”• Shared funding approach
Lloyd and Jackson 194931st October 2012, Manchester
The Valleys: A Future Vision?
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31st October 2012, Manchester
• Change the image and perception of the Valleys• Generate jobs and business based on the environment, culture and
sustainable tourism• Create an environment that stimulates enterprise and investment• Increase training opportunities and help improve education
standards• Improve the quality of life and health for valleys’ citizens• Develop strong, cohesive communities
Valleys Regional ParkParc Rhanbarthol y Cymoedd
The Valleys: A Future Vision?
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Framework 2005-2007> 500 consultees > 30 organisations
Partnership Action Plan31st October 2012, Manchester
Valleys Regional ParkParc Rhanbarthol y Cymoedd
The Valleys: A Future Vision?
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VRP£22M
WECAN KESS
31st October 2012, Manchester
Valleys Regional ParkParc Rhanbarthol y Cymoedd
The Valleys: A Future Vision?
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Themes Objectives
Transformational Landscapes for Visitors Strategic landscape initiatives
Enhancing our visitor centres Country parks, nature reserves
Loops and Links Cycling, walking, riding - access
Community Pride Total Focus Clean, pleasant environment
Community Tourism Grassroots tourism
Training the ambassadors (ESF) Trained Advocates
Events Programme Additional attractions
Management and project delivery
TOTAL £22 M
44 infrastructure projects funded - 40 interpretation projects* Economic Analysis by WERU/Cardiff Business School ERDF E4G convergence funding 2009-2013
Valleys Regional ParkParc Rhanbarthol y Cymoedd
31st October 2012, Manchester
The Valleys: A Future Vision?
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31st October 2012, Manchester
The Future: (Re-)Connection/Connectivity Strategic planning – local delivery (communities at the heart)
Opportunities and challenges• Sustainable tourism• Local food production – how do we scale up?• Housing – affordable high-quality social housing and environment• Vibrant town centres with sustainable transport and connected countryside• Green Spaces used for health• Energy production• Climate change – uplands
More robust evidence base• Health – KESS
Communication – language
Measure success differently/Vibrancy – economic growth
New models of cooperation and funding• Blue Green Gym
The Valleys: (Re) Connecting People and Place
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31st October 2012, Manchester
The Valleys: A Future Vision - Prosperous Communities
• Community Tourism Ambassadors• Guardians
Sustainable Tourism
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31st October 2012, Manchester
Green Jobs and Skills
The Valleys: A Future Vision - Prosperous Communities
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31st October 2012, Manchester
The Valleys: A Future Vision - Prosperous Communities
Local Energy production
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31st October 2012, Manchester
CAERAU MARKET GARDEN
• Groundwork Bridgend & Neath Port Talbot
• Caerau Development Trust• Valleys 2 Coast Housing• Bridgend CBC• Federation of City Farms and
Gardens• Communities First Caerau• Valleys Regional Park WECAN
SUDS; Skills development; Multiagency; Sustainable through revenue generation; Fit with valley Eco-connectivity; schools involvement; Evaluate community engagement;Increased biodiversity.
The Valleys: A Future Vision - Healthier Communities
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31st October 2012, Manchester
LLYNFI VALLEYValleys 2 Coast HousingSteve Curry
Ekostaden Augustenborg, Malmö
Environmental improvements have transformed Augustenborg from a neighbourhood in decline to an exemplar of an environmentally adapted urban area - an attractive place to live and work
“turnover of tenancies has decreased by almost 20% and the environmental impact has decreased to a similar degree.”
The Valleys: A Future Vision - Improved housing and environment
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31st October 2012, Manchester
Translating Exercise-Derived Health Benefits From The Laboratory To The CommunityJane Thompson, Paul Hewlett, Barry MacDonnell, Richard Webb
Regular participation in a green-exercise programme is beneficial in improving systemic health.
• Mental wellbeing was improved • CVD risk was reduced via reductions in both
arterial stiffness and total blood cholesterol levels
• Expression of genes (CD36 and ABCA1) involved in the conversion of LDL (bad-) to HDL (good-cholesterol)
www.physicalactivityandnutritionwales.org.ukMetformin cost to NHS - £60.5 million
The Valleys: A Future Vision - Healthier Communities
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Working together for Economically-prosperous Communities through Assets of Natural heritage
1) Assess the economic and social potential2) Improve corporate engagement3) Evaluate Visitor Payback4) Stimulate the Social Economy
(Community Engagement/Enterprise)
31st October 2012, Manchester
The Valleys: A Future Vision - Developing new opportunities
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Green Infrastructure Valuation Toolkit
VRP PILOTSSUDS – Market GardenNative Tree Nursery Western Valleys Woodland Plan
Quantitative:Rural Proofing/Welsh values (CCW/FCW)Qualitative:Community evaluation (resource planning)*
free open source resource www.bit.ly/givaluationtoolkit
Blue Green Gym Corporate/Community partnerships
31st October 2012, Manchester
The Valleys: A Future Vision - Developing new opportunities
A framework for assessing the potential economic and wider returns from investment in natural assets and landscape improvementsNatural Economy Northwest
http://vimeo.com/46889168
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31st October 2012, Manchester
The Valleys: (Re) Connecting People and Place
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31st October 2012, Manchester
The Valleys: A Future Vision
Regional Green Infrastructure Plan
City Region(s)
Connectivity
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“To be truly radical is to make hope possible, rather than despair convincing.”
Diolch yn fawr iawn am eich sylw - Thanks very much for your attention
31st October 2012, Manchester
Raymond Williams
www.thevalleys.org.ukTWITTER - @VRPvalleys
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