Download - Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
1/70
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
2/70
GREEK CIVILIZATION
Cradle of Western Civilization: Aegeanislands and the Greek mainland
http://www.map-of-greece.org/images/map-of-greece.gif -
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
3/70
GREEK CIVILIZATION BEGINS INTHE AEGEAN
Minoan civilization develops on Crete
Named after king Minos
Worked with bronze and gold anddeveloped a system of writing
Built magnificent palaces that housed
royal families, priests, and governmentofficials
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
4/70
Palace of Knossos like a small city withmore than 800 rooms
Walls are brightly painted with scenes showingathletes, fanciful animals, and scenes of daily life
http://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/Images/ARTH209images/minoan/thera_spring.jpghttp://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/Images/ARTH209images/minoan/thera_navy.jpghttp://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/Images/ARTH209images/minoan/knossos_queen_meg.jpghttp://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/Images/ARTH209images/minoan/knossos_king_throne.jpg -
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
5/70
DECLINE OF THE MINOANCIVILIZATION
Cause of Decline:
Disastrous earthquake or volcanic eruption
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
6/70
MYCENAEANS RULE CRETEAND MAINLAND GREECE
Invaders of Crete: Greek speaking Info-European tribes
Warrior-kings ruled walled cities built
around their palaces at Mycenae, Thebesand other palaces in Greece.
Palace of Mycenae: 1st palace investigated
by archaeologists who believed that it wasthe richest and most important town
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
7/70
MYCENAEANS RULE CRETEAND MAINLAND GREECE
Mycenaeans borrowed much from the MinoanCivilization: designs in pottery and jewelry
They took over Minoans sea trade sendingships to Egypt, Phoenicia, Sicily and southernItaly.
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
8/70
GREECE ENTERS A DARK AGE
Frequent warfare among the kingdomscaused the decline of the Mycenaeancivilization.
Mycenaean palaces destroyed. Mycenaeans moved to other areas.
With the collapse of this civilization,
Greece entered the dark age. Dorians tribe of Greek
Spoke Greek but were illiterate and their art ofwriting was forgotten
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
9/70
HELLENIC CIVILIZATIONDEVELOPS
Hellenic from Hellas Greeks name for their country
Hellenic Greeks inherited from their Mycenaeanancestors the skills in pottery making and metalworking
Farmers grew wheat, barley, olive trees, and
grapevines Raised sheep and goats
Shipped wool, wine, olive oil, marble and pottery
Imported grain (Egypt and Italy), fruit (Phoenicia and
Sicily), copper (Cyprus), tin (England), glass (Egypt),and dyes (Phoenicia)
adopted Phoenicians way of writing
Practiced the Lydian practice of using coins
Gained knowledge in geometry from the Egyptians
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
10/70
GREEK MYTHS TELL STORIES
OF MANY GODS
Greeks consult oracles (oracle of Delphi),special temples whose priestess and priestsgave vaguely worded hints about the future.
Believed in many gods lived in Mount Olympusin northern Greece
Zeus most important Greek god
King of the gods and ruler of mankind
Hera goddess of marriage
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
11/70
LIST OF OTHER GODS
Poseidon god of the sea
Ares god of war
Apollo god of music, prophecy, medicine, and
rational thinking Athena goddess of wisdom and handicrafts
Aphrodite goddess of love and beauty
Demeter goddess of farmland and grain
Hades god of the underworld
Artemis god of the hunt
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
12/70
THE GREEKS HOLD FESTIVALSTO HONOR THE GODS
Greeks built temple to the gods andhonored them through festivals.
The most famous athletic games were
held every four years at Olympia to honorZeus.
Athletes compete in foot racing, jumping,
throwing of discus and javelin, wrestling andboxing.
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
13/70
HOMERS EPICS TELL THESTORY OF LEGENDARY
HEROES
Homer Greek poet
Iliad and Odyssey 2 great epics that helpedshape the Greek outlook and character
Iliad Homer spoke of deeds of noble warriorswho were not only brave, skillful in battle and
concerned with their honor and pride
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
14/70
Hector, she said, you are possessed. This
bravery of yours will be your end. You do not think
of your little boy or your unhappy wife, whom you
will make a widow soonAnd when I lose you I
might as well be dead. There will be no comfort left,when you have met your doom nothing but grief
-Andromache
All that my dear, said Hector, is surely my
concern. But if I hid myself like a coward andrefused to fight, I could never face my
peopleBesides, it would go against [my nature],
for I have trained myself always, like a good
soldier, to take my place in front line and win glory.
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
15/70
HOMERS EPICS TELL THE STORYOF LEGENDARY HEROES
To Homer a hero was more than just abrave warrior
Hero speaker of words and a doer of deeds
He combines courage and intelligence.
This became the ideal goal of Greek education.
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
16/70
COLONIES SPREAD HELLENICCULTURE
Colonies settlements in other lands independent of Greece
Maintained close ties with the Greek
homeland through trade and culture Greeks set up colonies in Asia Minor and
North Africa, on the islands of the Aegeansea, in Sicily and southern Europe and along
the coast of the Black Sea. This spread the Hellenic culture to many areas of
the Mediterranean world.
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
17/70
GREEK CITY-STATES DEVELOP
Athens and Sparta
Also known as polis
ideal size of a polis population of 5,000male citizens
Sparta largest city-state, 3,200 sq. miles(smaller than the state of Connecticut)
Polis center of Greek community life
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
18/70
SPARTA TRAINS ITS MEN TO BEFEARLESS WARRIORS
Every stage of a Spartans life wasplanned.
Sickly babies were left to die.
At the age of 7, Spartan boy moved intomilitary barracks until he reaches the age30.
Spartan women trained in gymnasticsand physical endurance Had the responsibility of managing their farms
and households
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
19/70
THE ATHENIANS VALUE THEDEVELOPMENT OF MANY ABILITIES
Athens commercial and cultural center of Greece
Athenians look upon themselves as the teachersof all Greece
Proud of their political freedom Boasted their artists, playwrights, poets and
thinkers
Believed that a mans life was empty if he failed
to use his mind and develop all his talents
Athenian womens training were only limited to
skills needed to run a household.
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
20/70
ATHENIANS DEVELOP NEWIDEAS OF GOVERNMENT
Greeks 1st to establish a government inwhich free citizens rule themselves
Athenians took the lead in the creation of
democracy rule by the people
Archons ruled the city-state
Nobles who tended to favor the upper class
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
21/70
ATHENIAN LAWS ARE WRITTEN
Draco drew up the first written code oflaws for Athens
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
22/70
SOLON MAKES POLITICALREFORMS
Solon regarded as very wise and just
Canceled the debts of the poor, freed thosewho had been enslaved for debt, made
slavery for debt illegal To improve the farmers prosperity Solon
encouraged them to grow new crops olives
for oil and grapes for wine Ordered all citizens to teach their sons a skill
or trade
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
23/70
PISISTRATUS PROMOTESCULTURAL LIFE
Tyrant sole ruler of a polis
Means a person who rules harshly
Pisistratus politician who encouraged sculptors
and painters and sponsored drama festivals Improved the water supply and built temples and
fountains
Collected Homers epics and gave prizes for public
reading His promotion of the arts laid the foundation for
Athens to become the cultural center of Greece.
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
24/70
CLEISTHENES ESTABLISHESMORE DEMOCRATIC PRATICES
Cleisthenes head of a political partycomposed of tyrants
Reformed the political system
Divided Athens into 10 areas called demes
50 men from each deme served on anadvisory council
All male citizens could vote in the assembly,whether they owned land or not.
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
25/70
CLEISTHENES ESTABLISHESMORE DEMOCRATIC PRATICES
New practice:
Once a year the Athenians were given theopportunity to point anyone who they
believe was a threat to Athens. If 6,000votes were cast against a particularperson, he was forced to leave Athens for10 years.
This is known as ostracism because voteswere written on a piece of broken potteryknown as ostrakon.
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
26/70
THE PERSIAN WARS
499 B.C. some of the Greek colonists inAsia Minor rebelled against the rule of thePersian king, Darius
- Athens sent 20 ships to help rebels butthey were defeated.
- To punish Athens, Darius invadedGreece.
- The Persians were defeated.
- Phidippides swiftest runner announcedthe victory of Athens
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
27/70
THE PERSIANS INVADEGREECE AGAIN
Xerxes son of Darius who sent a largearmy to conquer all Greece
The invading Persians crossed the waters
of the Hellespont and made their waythrough mountainous Greece.
Persians and Greeks clashed at the
Thermopylae pass.
Greeks were defeated by the Persians.
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
28/70
THE GREEKS DEFEAT THEPERSIANS AT SEA
When Thermopylae fell, the Persians hadan open route to Athens.
Themistocles lead the new navy at the
island of Silamis
Defeated the Persians
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
29/70
THE GOLDEN AGE OFATHENIAN DEMOCRACY
Alliances were formed to protect Sparta andAthens from invaders or conquerors.
Delian League composed of Athens and its
150 city-state allies Pericles rebuilt the city of Athens,
strengthened its defenses and promoteddemocracy
Firm believer in peoples participation in government
Believes that the government is in the hands of the
many and not the few
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
30/70
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
31/70
Alexander the Great
King of Macedonia and conqueror of thePersian empire
crossed the Hellespont and freed the Greekcolonies in Asia Minor, Phoenicia was next tofall, then Egypt, where he founded the city ofAlexandria.
Together with his army, they conquered Egyptto India without losing a single battle.
died in Babylon of a fever
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
32/70
Alexander the Greats empire was
divided into 3 parts when he died:
1. Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt
2. Seleucid Empire of Asia
3. Antigonic Empire of Macedonia
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
33/70
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
34/70
GREEK CULTURE
Thucydides emphasizes factual reporting.
Greeks are outstanding artists andarchitects.
Greeks set lasting standards of beauty.
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
35/70
SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT ANDPHILOSOPHY DEVELOP
Greek thinkers are curious about thenatural world.
Greek scientific thinkers explore many
fields.
Greeks influence modern scientific study.
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
36/70
SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT ANDPHILOSOPHY DEVELOP
Socrates stresses use of reason.
Socrates emphasizes careful thinking andquestioning.
Plato questions ideas about governmentand democracy.
Aristotle studies all fields of knowledge.
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
37/70
HELLENISTIC AGE
Euclid organized earlier knowledge of geometryinto a logical system
Worked out hundreds of geometrical proofs,
writing a textbook that became the basic work ingeometry
Eratosthenes knew that the earth was round
Declared that the oceans of the earth are
connected Made maps of the world he knew
Estimated the earths circumference
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
38/70
HELLENISTIC AGE
Aristarchus mathematician andastronomer from the island of Samos
Argued that the sun is the center of the
universe
Archimedes discovered the principles ofthe lever and pulley, the natural laws for
calculating the weight of an object in water Invented the catapult
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
39/70
HELLENISTIC AGE
HELLENIC AGE
Philosophers wereconcerned with theindividual as acitizen of the polis
HELLENISTIC AGE
Philosophers gavemore thought to theindividual as anindividual rather thanas part of acommunity.
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
40/70
HELLENISTIC AGE
2 Schools of Philosophy
1. Epicureanism named after Epicurus- Epicurus tried to define ways on how to live
untroubled lives.- Advised against trying to gain wealth,
political power, or fame because theseincrease anxiety
- wise people should not give in strongemotions
- Recommended enjoyment of simplepleasures
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
41/70
HELLENISTIC AGE
2 Schools of Philosophy
2. Stoicism founded by Zeno
- emphasized dignity, self-control and reason
- emphasized the need for religion as a guide tohuman happiness
- Zeno stated that the essential part of a person
is reason.- The individual should accept what life bringsand remain indifferent to pain, pleasure andunhappiness.
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
42/70
All human beings are by nature equalbecause they all have the power to usereason.
Our [lives] should not be based on cities
or peoples, each with its own view of rightand wrong; but we should regard all men
as our fellow countrymen and fellowcitizens.
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
43/70
GREEKS CONTRIBUTIONS TO
HISTORY
Democracy
Literary classics Homers epic (Iliad and
Odyssey), Greek lyrical poetry, fables, dramatic
works and comedies Philosophy of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Historical works by Herodotus and Thucydides
Ionian, Doric and Corinthian Architecture The Olympic Games
Plebiscites and referendums
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
44/70
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
45/70
Rome originally a little city on the bank
of the river of Tiber in Italy Italy came from the Latin word italus
which means boot
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
46/70
THE GREEKS AND THE
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
47/70
THE GREEKS AND THEETRUSCANS INFLUENCE ROMAN
CULTURE Latin early settler of Rome
Greeks established citystates at Sicilyand southern Italy.
Romans adopted their alphabet, militarytechniques and styles of literature, art and
architecture. Etruscans lived in prosperous trading
cities to the north and west of Rome
ETRUSCAN INFLUENCE
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
48/70
ETRUSCAN INFLUENCE
skills in sanitation
road building
architecture
pottery making
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
49/70
FROM THE ETRUSCANS TO A
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
50/70
FROM THE ETRUSCANS TO AREPUBLIC
Twelve Tables of Laws Romes first
written code
Written in bronze tablets
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
51/70
THE PUNIC WARS
Comes from the Latin word puniPhoenician because Carthage wasfounded by the Phoenicians
1st Punic War Romans won andmade Sicily as the first province
Province means territory outsidethe Italian peninsula
Hannibal Carthaginian generalwho led the army during the 2nd
Punic War
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
52/70
THE PUNIC WARS
3rd Punic Wars Rome defeated Carthage
Carthage became the province of Rome
TRANSITION FROM REPUBLIC
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
53/70
TRANSITION FROM REPUBLICTO EMPIRE
2 CLASHING SOCIAL CLASSES:
1. Aristocratic party composed on landowners,merchants and politicians
2. Peoples party group of the masses
* To gain popularity, the generals and clever
politicians gave free bread and entertainmentto the masses. With the support of the masses,they were able to dominate the Senate andrealize their political ambition.
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
54/70
1st TRIUMVIRATE
1ST Triumvirate coalition of Pompey,Crassus, and Julius Caesar
Each tried to win military in different parts
of the Roman realm. Pompey Middle East
Crassus Parthia
Caesar Gaul After his victories in Egypt and Asia Minor, he
sent his message, Veni, vidi, vici (I came, Isaw and I conquered) to Rome
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
55/70
PARTHIAN EMPIRE
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
56/70
EMPIRE OF GAULS
encompasses present day France, Luxembourg and Belgium, mostof Switzerland, the western part of Northern Italy, as well as theparts of the Netherlands and Germany
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
57/70
END OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
Battle of Actium marked the end of theRoman Republic and the Roman Empire
EMERGENCE OF THE ROMAN
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
58/70
EMERGENCE OF THE ROMANEMPIRE
Octavian Augustus Caesar 1stemperor of the Roman Empire
Appointed honest and efficient officials
Removed the corrupt and unworthy politicians
Improved system of taxation
Built roads and aqueducts
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
59/70
PAX ROMANA
The Roman Peace
No civil wars
Prosperous economy
Good government directed by able andhonest officials
Social life was in bloom
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
60/70
ROMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
61/70
ROMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TOCIVILIZATION
1. Roman law
2. Latin language, the language of theWestern world during the Middle
Ages, which influenced French,Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Englishand other modern languages
3. Latin Literature, which includes the
writings of Julius Caesar, Livy, Virgil(Bucolics, The Georgics, and theAeneid), Cicero
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
62/70
CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVILIZATION
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
63/70
OF OTHER NATIONS OF ASIA
Hittites
Iron greatest contribution for it enabledmankind to progress from the Bronze Age
to the Iron Age.
use of horse-drawn chariots in warfare
Phoenicians
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
64/70
Phoenicians
established colonies in various parts of theMediterranean world, out of whichemerged Carthage (North Africa), Cadiz
(Spain), Cagliari (Sardinia), Palermo(Sicily), and Monaco (French Riviera)
introduced cultural influences of
Mesopotamia, Egypt, Palestine, Persiaand India to the Mediterranean world
Invented the alphabet
Jews
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
65/70
Jews
Monotheism belief in one God
Judaism and Christianity
The Bible
Modern banking and finance
Persians
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
66/70
Persians
Zoroastrianism a religion based on thebelief that the life is a constant strugglebetween good and evil
founded by Zoroaster
system of provincial administrationincludes provincial administration, local
system of taxation, and postal service elaborate system of court etiquette still
followed by royal courts up to the present
Indians
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
67/70
Indians
Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism
Yoga the discipline of the minds andbody by spiritual training
the first fable (Panchatantra)
first dramatic epics (The Clay Cart by
Sudakra and Sakuntala by Kalidasa) great epic poems (Mahabharata and
Ramayana)
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
68/70
worlds greatest philosophical poem (the
Bhagavad Gita)
invented the zero and the numerals in
mathematics
Chinese
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
69/70
Chinese
invented the first paper, brush-pen, andink, compass, printing press usingmovable blocks, gunpowder for warfare
and festivals, and the first water mill introduced sericulture (silk industry) and
the use of silk clothes
Confucian philosophy
introduced rocketry in warfare
printed the first paper money
-
8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview
70/70
introduced the civil service examination
introduced the use of chopsticks foreating, calligraphy as the art of writing, kite
for outdoor sports, pagoda architecture
the Great Wall