dz
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
G CV qV= =
V
q q
Ah Ah
Pb s PbO s H SO aq PbSO s H O l⎯⎯→+ + +←⎯⎯
ω
E Jω=
ρ rρ ω
v rπ ω=
K1
RE K vR
= +
E Li=
dε ε
π
tatolC C=
d
H GC C C= +
CG
Z
dz
dz drz dzz
Rzd R dz r dzρ π= =
Zz IFd Z dz Z rdzπ= =
Z0
R0 ZIF
ρ
l
pZ R Z anh l R Z=
dz
Z RR
λϕ
≡
n r l
Zp
pZZ
n=
IF
IF
ZZ lrZnr
ρ ρπ
=
et al.
el el
dl dl
a ac a cπλ ω
ω π ω−= =
elel
lR lZ k aπ
= =
kel Cdl
a l
elp el dl
dl
RZ j R Cj C
ωω
=
~
ω →∞ ω → Zp
elp
dl
RZj C
ωω
→ ∞ =
elp
dl
RZj C
ωω
→ = +
et al.
jω
rjω
relpg el dlr
dl
RZ j R Cj C
ωω
=
Rs
Ls
Zp
et al.
elZDLC std s s dl el
dl
RZ R j L j C Rj C
ω ωω
= + +
elZDLC s s dl el
dl
RZ R j L j C Rj C
γγω ω
ω= + +
et al.
et al.
τ
pj
Z jC j
τ ωτωωτ
⋅=
⋅
τ Ri
xR xC dlC
x x xf R C=
xx
R γγπ
ω=
xx
CRω
=
f(d) CB CC
Ach ZARC n
AB
C A
CR
CCf d
C C f d
ω=
⋅
=
= ⋅
df dd
β πββ π
− + −= = +
+
n eZARC
R RRn π
= =
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
+
et al.
et al.
I-V
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
um
in-situ
et al.
et al.
In-situ
et al.
et al.
d
v m
Va-Vb
et al.
et al.
00l
00l
00l
hk0
↔
C Q vm E= Δ
v
m EΔ
00l
00l
hk0
a-b
et al.
et al.
et al.
vs
I
C I t m v= ×Δ ×Δ
tΔ vΔ
m
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
I
m
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