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Governing Agenda 2030: Institution-Building and Good GovernanceDr Tom PegramDeputy Director UCL-GGI
Stockholm, 17 August 2016
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Governing Agenda 2030: Institution-Building and Good Governance
1. The problem2. SDGs and Goal 163. What is governance? And “good”
governance? 4. How do we get good governance?5. Global governance and delivery6. Concrete policy initiatives7. What works?
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Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
Targets under Goal 16:• Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and
ensure equal access to justice for all• Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms• Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all
levels• Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative
decision-making at all levels• Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in
the institutions of global governance• Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental
freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements
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Targets under Goal 16:• Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and
ensure equal access to justice for all• Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms• Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at
all levels• Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative
decision-making at all levels• Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in
the institutions of global governance• Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental
freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements
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SDG Governance Challenges
• A retreat into silos• Absence of concrete solutions• Mitigation of negative interactions• Politics “above” and “below” national institutions• Instrument selection and effect• Participation of intended beneficiaries
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What is good governance?
Governance: “The institutions, mechanisms or processes backed by political power and/or authority that allow an activity or set of activities to be controlled, influenced or directed in the collective interest” (Baker, Hudson & Woodward 2005)
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Syria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Papua New Guinea
ArgentinaS. Arabia
Nor
Croatia
JapanSwe
South Korea
Egypt
BahrainArmenia
Macedonia
ZimbabweSwaziland
Malaysia
AzerbaijanTurkmenistan
Mongolia
Israel
Georgia
Singapore
South Africa
Belarus
USA
Russia
Nigeria
Burundi
Equatorial Guinea
Kuwait
EthiopiaKenyaDjibouti
RwandaCameroon
Afghanistan
Senegal
Lesotho
Mozambique
Laos
BotswanaLiberia
Iraq Gambia
Honduras
Angola
Maldives
Tanzania
Cambodia
TuvaluBangladesh
Brunei
Sierra Leone
Mali
Tajikistan
Cuba
HaitiChad
Pakistan
IranLebanon
China
3040
5060
7080
Hea
lthy
Life
Yea
rs
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Level of Democracy
R²=0.01Sources: WHO (-), Freedom House/Polity (2002-2006)
Healthy Life Yearsvs. Level of Democracy
Low High
Data runs by: Richard Svensson
Low
High
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Albania
ArgentinaBahrain
Bangladesh
BoliviaSolomon IslandsMyanmar
Burundi
CambodiaCameroon
Cape Verde
Dem. Rep. Congo
Eritrea
Estonia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Iran
IsraelJapan
Kazakhstan
Lebanon
Lesotho
MalaysiaMaldives
Mali
Morocco
Mozambique
Vanuatu
Nigeria
Norway
QatarRussia
Rwanda
Sao Tome
Saudi Arabia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Vietnam
Swaziland
Swe
Egypt
USA
Burkina Faso
.2.4
.6.8
1
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent I
ndex
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Level of Democracy
R²=0.22Sources: UNDP (2002), Freedom House/Polity (2002-2006)
Human Development Indexvs. Level of Democracy
Low High
Data runs by: Richard Svensson
Low
High
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Azerbaijan
ArgentinaBahamas
Belgium
BhutanBotswana
Solomon Islands
Chile
Dem. Rep. Congo
Eq. Guinea
Eritrea
FinlandFrance
Djibouti
Ghana
Grenada
Haiti
India
IsraelItaly
JapanSouth Korea
Lesotho
Mali
Mexico
Oman
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Russia
Sierra Leone
SingaporeSweden
USA
Burkina Faso
Venezuela
.2.4
.6.8
1
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent I
ndex
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
Control of Corruption
R²=0.47Sources: UNDP (2002), World Bank (2002-2008)
Human Development Indexvs. Control of Corruption
High Corruption Low Corruption
Data runs by: Richard Svensson
Low
High
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AfghanistanAngola
Antigua and Barbuda
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Myanmar
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
China
Comoros
Cuba
Benin
Ethiopia
Eritrea
Estonia
Djibouti
Gabon
Ger
KiribatiHaiti
India
Iran
IsraelJapan
Kenya
Kuwait
Lebanon
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mongolia
MozambiqueNigeria
PakistanRussia
Rwanda
San Marino
Saudi A.
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Singapore
South Africa
Zimbabwe
Swaziland
Swe
TajikistanThailand
United Arab Emirates
Ukraine
USA
Uzbekistan
Zambia
4050
6070
80
Life
Exp
ecta
ncy
at B
irth
(Yea
rs)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Level of Democracy
R²=0.19Sources: World Bank (2000-2006), Freedom House/Polity (2002-2006)
Life Expectancy at Birthvs. Level of Democracy
Low High
Data runs by: Richard Svensson
Low
High
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Afghanistan
AlbaniaArgentina
Australia
BahamasBarbados
Bhutan
Botswana
Solomon Islands
Cape Verde
China
CubaDenmark
Equatorial GuineaEthiopia
Eritrea
Estonia
Finland
Ghana
Greece
HaitiIndia
Iraq
ItalyJapan
Liberia
Liechtenstein
Malawi
MongoliaRussia
Sierra Leone
Singapore
South Africa
Zimbabwe
Swaziland
Sweden
Ukraine
USA
Burkina Faso
Venezuela
Zambia
4050
6070
80
Life
Exp
ecta
ncy
at B
irth
(Yea
rs)
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
Control of Corruption
R²=0.41Source: World Bank (2000-2008)
Life Expectancy at Birthvs. Control of Corruption
High Corruption Low Corruption
Data runs by: Richard Svensson
Low
High
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How do we get good governance?
Efficient institutions “operate in a few advanced contemporary countries and only in recent times. We know surprisingly little, however, regarding the institutional development that led to these modern successes”. Avner Greif 2006
What is required is “inclusive institutions” which “allow and encourage participation by the great mass of people in economic activities that make best use of their talents and skill and enable them to make the choices they wish”. Acemoglu & Robinson (2012), “Why Nations Fail”
Good governance: “promoting good governance in all its aspects, including by ensuring the rule of law, improving the efficiency and accountability of the public sector, and tackling corruption, as essential elements of a framework within which economies can prosper” (IMF 1997)
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Quality of government (and the impartiality imperative)
Political System
Input sidePolitical equality
(Robert Dahl)
Output sideImpartiality
(Bo Rothstein)
Draws distinction between access to and the exercise of political power (Rothstein & Teorell 2008)
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Quality of government (and the impartiality imperative)
• When implementing laws and policies, government officials shall not take anything about the citizen/case into consideration that is not beforehand stipulated in the policy or the law
• It is about the exercise of power, not the access to power
• Rules out corruption, but also other forms of favouritism such as clientelism, nepotism, patronage and discrimination.
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New governance theory
Kenneth Abbott et al., International Organizations as Orchestrators (2015)
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Good governance is political
Governance is about much more than technical management, it is also fundamentally about power, interests, values, authority, and legitimacy.
Rothstein & Tannenberg (2015), “Making Development Policy Work: The Quality of Government Approach”
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Good governance and corruption
Corruption: “abuse of trust, power or position for improper gain. Corruption includes among other things the offering and receiving of bribes – including the bribery of foreign officials – extortion, conflicts of interest and nepotism” (Sida, 2015).
Programs aimed at facilitating institutional change on the INPUT SIDE: elections; support to parliament & political parties; media; anti-corruption organizations and institutions
Facilitating institutional change on the OUTPUT SIDE: public administration, public financial management, and public sector policy and management, government administration; statistical capacity; public financial management; public sector policy & management; and decentralization and support to subnational governments
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Indirect approaches to institutional change
• Auditing: improving the quality of audit and anti-corruption systems
• Taxation: enhancing the ability of developing nations to efficiently tax the population
• Poverty reduction: financing partner government’s poverty strategies and sectorial budget support
• Gender equality: Programs for training and support for women’s leadership
• Meritocratic recruitment: of civil servants, as opposed to political appointment
• Provision of universal education.
• Auditing: professionalism of personnel achieves high standard and effective auditing (Gustavson 2015)
• Taxation: taxpayers are more interested in politics and the affairs of the state (Broms 2015)
• Poverty: inhibits political participation (Young 2000)• Gender equality: high no of female politicians at sub-
national level lowers corruption (Wängnerud 2010)• Meritocratic recruitment: of civil servants reduces
corruption (Dahlström et al. 2012)• Education: educated citizens may exhibit greater
loyalty towards public institution (Weber 1976).
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What works?
SDG governance architecture is not simply a realm of harmonising interests in pursuit of coordination, it also requires a serious engagement with politics and power.
Key factors: • Political action by public authorities at all levels on
corruption• State capacity-building to cement broad-based and
plural domestic coalitions of support• Deployment of a range of principled instruments,
including hard and soft governance tools, to enhance local public administration.
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References
Baker, A., D. Hudson, & R. Woodward (eds.) (2005), Governing Financial ffffGlobalisation. London: Routledge.Greif, A. (2006), Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy. ffffCambridge University Press.IMF (1997), “Good Governance: The IMF's Role” (Washington: IMF.Acemoglu, D., and J. Robinson (2012), Why Nations Fail. Crown ffffPublishing.Rothstein, Bo, & Jan Teorell, “What is Quality of Government?” Governance ffff21(2), April 2008.Abbott et al. (2015) International Organizations as Orchestrators. ffffCambridge University Press.Rothstein, Bo, “Making Development Policy Work: The Quality of ffffGovernment Approach”, QOG Institute, October 2015.