Download - Global learn keynote Berlin 2015
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Teaching the Crowd
Terry Anderson,Professor, Athabasca University
Berlin, Germany: April 16-17, 2015
With much Credit to Jon Dron
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Agenda
• The usual futurist’s look at a changing world
• What it means for educators
• 3 Generations of Pedagogy
– Cognitive Behavioural developments
– Social Cognitive developments
– Connectivist developments
• Social Aggregations Make a difference
– Demo of Athabasca Landing?
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Values
• We can (and must) continuously improve the quality, effectiveness, appeal, cost and time efficiency of the learning experience.
• Student control and freedom is integral to 21st
century life-long education and learning.
• Continuing education opportunity is a basic human right.
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http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/communications/internet-minute-infographic.html
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Very Rapid Technological Change
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All Online Learning is not the same
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Learning as Dance (Anderson, 2008)
• Technology sets the beat and the timing.
• Pedagogy defines the moves.
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Understanding Online Pedagogies and fitting them into our social boxes
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• McLuhan “We shape our tools and thereafter our tools shape us”
• “When physical spaces for learning go online (distributed, non-hierarchical, networked, digital), new, more effective pedagogies emerge”. George Siemens
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Three Generations of Online Learning Pedagogy
1. Behaviourist/Cognitive –
2. Social Constructivist –
3. Connectivist
Anderson, T., & Dron, J. (2011). Three generations of distance education pedagogy. IRRODL, 12(3), 80-97
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1. Behavioural/Cognitive Pedagogies
• “tell ‘em what you’re gonna tell ‘em,
• tell ‘em
• then tell ‘em what you told ‘em”
Direct Instruction
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Gagne’s Events of Instruction (1965)
1. Gain learners' attention2. Inform learner of objectives3. Stimulate recall of previous information4. Present stimulus material5. Provide learner guidance6. Elicit performance7. Provide Feedback8. Assess performance9. Enhance transfer
Instructional Systems Design (ISD)
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Enhanced by the “cognitive revolution”
• Chunking
• Cognitive Load
• Working Memory
• Multiple Representations
• Split-attention effect
• Variability Effect
• Multi-media effect – (Sorden, 2005)
“learning as acquiring and using conceptual and cognitive structures” Greeno, Collins and Resnick, 1996
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Technologies of 1st generation
• CAI, text books, One way Lectures, Video and audio broadcasts and webcasts with advancements??
"At the School" (1910), French postcard envisioning techno-pedagogy in the year 2000. (Bibliothèque nationale de France, via paleofuture)
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Social Focus of 1st generation -Individual Learner
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Learning Alone
• Maximizes Freedom:
– Space, time, pace,
• Allows and promotes individualization
• Freedom from “group think”
• Power of auto-didacticism
• Freedom from groups
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Behavioural/Cognitive Developments
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Open Educational Resources & Open Texts
Because it saves time!!!
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Publisher’s Response to OERs
All resources linked to national learning outcomes
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POERUP Map of OER Initiatives
http://poerup.referata.com/wiki/Maps
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OER Barriers to Adoption
• Few instructor incentives
• Publisher push back
• Quality concerns
• Licensing, copyright issues
• “not invented here” syndrome
• Lack of open culture and practice
• Insufficient content
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Adaptation of Course Content by type of Learner
Hermans, H., Jansse, J., Vogten, H., & Koper, R.(2015). Flexible Provisioning Adult Learners.Journal of Universal Computer Science 21(2)
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Khan Academy Offers Student Tracking/Analytics
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Big Data &Education
1) Technology: maximizing computation power and algorithmic accuracy to gather, analyze, link, and compare large data sets.
2) Analysis: drawing on large data sets to identify patterns in order to make economic, social, technical, and legal claims and design interventions.
3) Mythology: the widespread belief that large data sets offer a higher form of intelligence and knowledge that can generate insights that were previously impossible, with the aura of truth, objectivity, and accuracy.
Boyd, d. & Crawford, K. (2013). Critical Questions for Big Data: Provocations for a Cultural, Technological, and Scholarly Phenomenon
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1st Generation, Cognitive Behavioural Pedagogy
Summary• Scalable
• Few requirements (or opportunities), for social learning
• Works most efficiently with individual learning models
• Effective and efficient for some types of learning
• Have we really taught learners to succeed as life long learners with this type of learning?
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2nd Generation Social Constructivist Pedagogy
• Group Orientated
• Membership and exclusion, closed
• Not scalable - max 50 students/course
• Classrooms - at a distance or on campus
• Hierarchies of control
• Focus on collaboration and shared purposegroup
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2nd Generation - Constructivist
• Current model for most Online Learning– continued strong growth globally
• Canada - “Student registrations jumped another 18.4% in Winter 2013”
Image: http://theories-theorists.wikispaces.com/Shanna-+Constructivism
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Constructivist Learning in Groups• Long history of research
and study• Established sets of tools
– Classrooms– Learning Management
Systems (LMS)– Synchronous (chat, video
& net conferencing)– Email, wikis, blogs
• Need to develop face to face, mediated and blended group learning skills
Garrison, R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical thinking in text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2), 87-105.
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• “Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application?”
• 'Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters?’
Confucius Analects translated by Legge:
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• Increase in learning outcomes, social skills, positive attitudes to learning BUT
• “the need for cooperative teams to mature implies that cooperative learning does not yield an immediate improvement …need for patience and persistence… students experienced in cooperative learning”
Hsiung, C.-M. (2012). The Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning. Journal of Engineering Education, 101(1), 119-137.
Social Constructivist Learning
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The Power of Synchronous Learning in Groups
• Immediacy
• Pacing
• Social Modeling
• Comfort level for student and teachers, but DON’T fall into classroom lectures.
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Immersion ??
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Group Management
• Need good tools to allow group to work effectively and efficiently to build trust and work effectively at a distance
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https://voicethread.com/?#u316369
https://voicethread.com/?#u316369.b394099.i4835363
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http://www.go2web20.net/#tag:collaboration
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http://www.collaborativelearning.org/sciencebiology.html
OERs at work!
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Social Constructivist Social Form
• Group based
• Limited in size
– Dunbar’s Max ~150 for a tribe
– Max. 50 persons/section in post secondary
• Mutual awareness of each other
• Teacher domination and dependency?
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2nd Generation Social Constructivist Pedagogy
Summary• Not scalable, expensive in terms of time and
money
• New group tools enhance efficiency
• Helps teachers and learners transition to online learning a transference from good classroom teaching
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Generation 3 Connective pedagogies
• http://mms.uni-hamburg.de/epedagogy/mmswiki/index.php5/Connectivism
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Connectivism
• “connectivism is the thesis that knowledge is distributed across a network of connections, and therefore that learning consists of the ability to construct and traverse those networks.” Stephen Downes 2007
See special issue of IRRODL.org
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Connectivist Knowledge
• Is created by linking to appropriate people and objects
• May be created and stored in non human devices
• Is as much about capacity as current competence
• Assumes the ubiquitous Internet
• Is emergent
George Siemens (2005)
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Connectivist Learning
Persistence
Accessibility
Network Effects
“Connectivying” your course http://terrya.edublogs.org/2012/12/18/connectivy-your-course/
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NOT Learning in a Bubble
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Disruptions of Connectivism
• Demands net literacy and net presence of students and teachers
• Openness is scary
• New roles for teachers and students
• Artifact ownership, persistence and privacy
• Too manic for some
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The Social Aggregation makes a Difference
• Available open access
Teachingcrowds.ca
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The Social Aggregations of Generation 3 Connective Pedagogies
• Individuals
• Groups
• Networks
• Sets
3rd Gen. Connectivist
2nd Gen. Social Constructivist
1st GenCognitive/Behavioural
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Social Forms of Connectivism
Networks and Sets
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Social Networks
• Facebook, LinkedIn, • Academia, • Twitter• Blogs• Listservs• Private
– ELGG– NING– Drupal, – Word Press
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Networks – Privacy Issues
Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada
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Companies Student Privacy Pledge
http://studentprivacypledge.org
• We commit to:• Not sell student information• Not behaviorally target advertising• Use data for authorized education
purposes only• Not change privacy policies without notice
and choice• Enforce strict limits on data retention• Support parental access to, and correction
of errors in, their children’s information• Provide comprehensive security standards• Be transparent about collection and use of
data
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Set Model of social aggregation
• Aggregation of all people/things sharing a particular interest, commonality.
• Examples: Set of all graduates of X, all psychology resources, all physics teachers
• Often set members curat resources with social involvement limited to votes, comments, links
• Sets MAY develop into networks or groups.
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Most Common Set ToolTag Cloud
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Classic Set: Those editing a Wikipedia article
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Set Tools: Pintere.st
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Sets (Example)
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Connectivist Learning Summary
• Born on the Net
• Focuses on student responsibility for their own learning and building of their own learning nets and sets
• Is emergent and can be disruptive
• For advanced learners only??
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Conclusion:
• The best part of Online Learning is its eclectic nature, allowing student and teacher exploration of their own learning needs and gifts.
• Need to match pedagogy, technology, social forms and learning outcomes
• Empowerment, lifelong learning and smart (not more) work for teachers
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Terry Anderson [email protected]
Blog: terrya.edublogs.org
Your comments & questions
most welcomed!Now or at the next interactive session
Slides available
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Further Reading
• Anderson, T. & Dron, J. (2011). Three generations of distance education pedagogy. International Review of Research on Distance and Open Learning, 12(3), 80-97. http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/890/1826.
• Anderson, T. & Dron, J. (2012). Learning technology through three generations of technology enhanced distance education pedagogy. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 2012/2. Retrieved from http://www.eurodl.org/?p=current&article=523.
• Dron, J. & Anderson, T. (in press). Teaching crowds: the role of social media in distance learning Edmonton, Canada: Athabasca University Press.
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If Time Allows
• A tour of Athabasca’s social network – The Landing??
• A deeper look at Professional Development??
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The Athabasca Story
• LMS – Moodle
• E-Portfolio- Mahara
• Social Networking - Elgg
Hard
Soft
Low learner control
High learner control
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Case Study : Athabasca Landinglanding.athabascau.ca
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Landing Stats (Mar. 2015)
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Individual Control (PLE)
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Privacy Control
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Groups
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Group Example
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Nets
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Sets
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Student view
• "I have managed to gain more useful knowledge through one course conducted here on Landing than from all the others combined. ”
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Opportunities• Sharing resources
• modeling of product and pacing
• “amplified” feedback.
• part of a social structure
Challenges• Confusion and learning
curve
• Information overload –filtering problems
• instrumental learners
• Privacy and sharing
• Institutional inertia
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“free-agent learner” student profile
profile accurately depicts the way many of today’s students are approaching learning. For these students, the schoolhouse, the teacher and the textbook no longer have an exclusive monopoly on knowledge, content or even the education process. These students are leveraging a wide range of learning resources, tools, applications, outside experts and each other to create a personalized learning experience that may or may not include what is happening in the classroom.2009 Speak Up Survey
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Companies Student Privacy Pledge
http://studentprivacypledge.org
• We commit to:• Not sell student information• Not behaviorally target advertising• Use data for authorized education
purposes only• Not change privacy policies without notice
and choice• Enforce strict limits on data retention• Support parental access to, and correction
of errors in, their children’s information• Provide comprehensive security standards• Be transparent about collection and use of
data