Download - GIT IBD 4th 2012 abstract template
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease:
IBD
Dr. Mohammad Shaikhani
CABM,FRCP.
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IBD: Definition
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn’s disease (regional enteritis)..
90% Can be differentiated from each other
10% not (indeterminate colitis).
A dysregulated immunologic response to
the local microenvironment of luminal
bacteria.
Genetic predisposition
+
Exact pathophysiology: unknown.2-4/100000
Idiopathic chronic inflammatory
MACROSCOPIC disease of the GIT
of 2 distinct clinical entities:
1
IBD:
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Comparison of Features in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease
Crohn's DiseaseUlcerative ColitisFeature
TransmuralMucosalDepth of inflammation
Skip areasContiguousPattern of disease
Mouth to anusColorectumLocation
Less commonUsualRectal involvement
CommonBackwash ileitis (15%–
20% of patients)
Ileal disease
CommonRareFistulas
CommonRarePerianal disease
10-30%UnlikelyGranulomas
Less commonUsualOvert bleeding
More commonUnlikelyMalnutrition
Colorectal cancer, small
bowel cancer (depending
on disease location)
Colorectal cancer,
cholangiocarcinoma (if
primary sclerosing
cholangitis is present)
Cancer risk
HarmfulProtectiveTobacco use
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Clinical features
Proctitis causing tenesmus (urgency & sense of incomplete evacuation), sometimes causing constipation.
FeverWeight loss( from
inflammation / diarrhea)
Extra-intestinal manifestations & complications.
Physical exam:From mild tenderness toAbdominal distension & rebound
tenderness( toxic megacolon)
Bloody diarrhea
Continuous mucosal disease extends proximally, may involve whole colon (pancolitis)
UC: Clinical features2
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Clinical features
Affects any part of GIT frommouth-anus.
Diarrhea caused by SI & Colonic disease.
Diarrhea from SI inflammation, protein lossing enteropathy,Ileal disease or ileal surgical removal.
Hematochesia almost always a sign of colonic disease.
Skip(discontinous) trans-luminal lesions or.
Transluminal leading to strictures & fistulas.
Crohn’s disease: Clinical features2
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Fistulas
Enterocutanous fistula.
rectovaginal
Psoas abscess prsenting as limping.
rectovesical.
Abscess.
perianal
Crohn’s disease: Clinical features2
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strictures
Present as IO .
Right iliac fossa mass in ileocecal or ileal disease,
Signs of perianal disease as skin tags & anal fistulas.
Present as fever, abdoninal pain,distension,vomiting.
Mostly in TI.
DU or GOO
Crohn’s disease: Clinical features2
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Crohn’s Disease
Anatomic distribution
CD activity index
DDx (lymphoma, Yersinea
Enterocolitis, TB)
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Extra-intestinal manifestations of IBD
osteopenia
Gall stones
CRC
Cholangio
carcinoma
RENAL
STONES
PSC
others
Arthritis:
A. Peripheral arthritis, usually paralels the disease activity
B. Ankylosing Spondylitis, 1-6%, sacroiliitis,not paralel disease activity.
Ocular lesions:Iritis (uvietis) (0.5-3%), episcleritis, keratitis,
Skin / oral cavity:Erythema nodosum 1-3%>CDPyoderma Gangrenosum 0.6% >UCAphthus stomatitis, metastatic CD.
3
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Primary sclerosing cholangitis:
Present with:
High SAP
Jaundice
Biliary obst
PHT
CRC
Higher
incidence of
Cholangitis/CC
80% Have
underlying
IBD
5% of UC
Sometimes in
CD
UDCA
May prevent
CRC
PSC
4
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IBD local Complications:
Bleeding
CRC
Depending on
Severity/duration
Toxic
megacolon
fistulas
strictures
CMV Colitis
local
complications
4
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IBD local Complications: Toxic mega colon
CT scan:
For follow-up
+
Diagnosis of
Complications
CRC
Depending on
Severity/duration
BE is C/I
BZ/O
perforation risk
Diagnosis:
Clin features+
Plain abd X Ray
Dilation of colon
With
Fulminant colitis
Causes:
IBD
Inf colitis
Ischemic colitis
Toxic
megacolon
Most important
Serious
Complication
Of UC
Management:
Close observation
To consider surgery
If trt fails
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Complications of IBD
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IBD: Diagnosis/ assessing severity
Amebiais yersinea
CMV
ClostridiumDifficili
Or antibiotic-associated
Cryptosporidia
campylobacter
Infectious colitisExclude infections by GSE/Culture
5
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IBD: Diagnosis/ assessing severity
Anemia leockocytosis
HYPOALBUMINEMIA
Increased CRP
High ESR
thrombocytosis
markers of inflammationNon-specific markers of inflammation
5
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IBD: Diagnosis/ assessing severity
P-ANCA:In UC 2/3< In CD 15%
In CD 50%< In UC <5%
ASCA
p-ANCA & ASCA is reasonably reliable for the diagnosis
of Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis.
Stool calprotectin: predictive of activity in UC similar to colonoscopy.
Immunological markers of inflammationImmunological markers of inflammation
5
Omp-C Abs&
Cbir1 Abs
Predict classical
CD
Stool
Calprotectin
In UC/CD
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IBD: Diagnosis/ assessing severity
UC:EXTENT/Severity
complications
Diagnosis ofColonic disease
CD
Colonoscopic findingsColonoscopic findings
5
BiopsyFor H.PathoConfirmation
BiopsyFor H.PathoConfirmation
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Rutgeerts Endoscopic Scoring System
– neoterminal ileum
I,1 I,3
I,4
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Actuarial analysis of symptomatic recurrence in patients stratified according
to severity of endoscopic lesions
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IBD: Diagnosis/ assessing severity
Plain abdomenfor toxic
Megacolon& IO
BARIUM
CTenterography
VCE for SICD
Radiological findingsRadiological findings
5
ENTEROCLYSISFOR CD
MRIIn Pelvic CD
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Management:
Medical: immune-modulating drugs.
Surgical:
Surgery needed for :
25-35% UC; total colectomy with ileal pouch anastomosis.
& 70% CD (local resections of local complications) with 40-50%
requiring recurrent intervention.
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Urgent Surgery Elective Surgery
Ongoing hemorrhage Failure of medical therapy
Toxic megacolon Intolerable side effect of medical therapy
Colonic perforation Development of dysplasia
Fulminant ulcerative colitis Carcinoma
Colonic stricture
Growth retardation in children
Emergency Operation Elective Operation
±Subtotal colectomy with end ileostomy Panproctocolectomy with
permanent end ileostomy (simple and curative)
Panproctocolectomy with permanent end
ileostomy
Subtotal colectomy with ileorectal
Anastomosis (rarely performed)
Proctocolectomy with continent
ileostomy (Kock pouch) - Rarely performed
Panproctocolectomy with IPAA
with or without diverting ileostomy (CI in
Crohn’s disease)
Surgery for UC : Indications
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Surgery for CD:Indications
Urgent Surgery Elective Surgery
Perforation Stricture
Abscess Fistula
Uncontrollable hemorrhage Malignancy
Toxic megacolon Malnutrition
Bowel obstruction Poorly controlled despite management
Extra-intestinal manifestations
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Treatment :Medication & surgery
Medication Indication Side Effects
5-ASA (sulfasalazine, olsalazine,
balsalazide, mesalamine:
oral, rectal UC: induction/maintenance
CD (weak): induction/maintenance
Inters nephritis (rare
Diarrhea (olsalazine)
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Medication Indication Side Effects
Antibiotics: Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin CD: perianal/ colonic disease
Metronidazole:PN
, metallic taste, antabuse effect
Ciprofloxacin: arthropathy, seizure)
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Medication Indication Side Effects
CS (oral, IV, rectal) UC/CD: induction, not maintenance
Acne, moon facies, truncal obesity, osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, DM, hypertension, cataracts, inf
Budesonide CD (ileal/R colon): induction Minimal CS effects
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Medication Indication Side Effects
Methotrexate CD: induction/maintenance
Bone marrow suppression, hepatotoxicity, pulmonitis
6-MP, Azathioprine UC/CD: steroid withdrawal, maintenance
Pancreatitis, fever, infection, leukopenia, hepatotoxicity, lymphoma
Anti–TNF-α: Infliximab UC/CD: induction/maintenance
Infusion reaction, tuberculosis reactivation, demyelination, infection,HF,Lymphoma.
Adalimumab UC/CD: induction/maintenance
Cyclosporine UC: steroid refractory
Hypertension, nephro &neurotoxicity
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Therapeutic Pyramid for Active UC
Severe
Moderate
Mild
Systemic Corticosteroids
Aminosalicylates
Surgery
Oral SteroidsAZA/6-MP
Cyclosporine
Infliximab
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Ulcerative Colitis: Mild to ModerateAcute flare
Exclude enteric
pathogen
Extensive
Oral 5-ASA
Response
adequate
Response
inadequate
Maintain
oral 5-ASA
Response
adequateConsider
increased dose
Response
inadequate
Oral steroid
Response
inadequate
Oral 5-ASA Response
inadequate
Consider rectal therapy
(5-ASA and/or steroid)
Patient willing to
take rectal therapyPatient unwilling
to take rectal
therapy
Response
adequate
Maintain
L sided
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Ulcerative Colitis: Moderate to Severe
Moderate
Oral steroid
Taper
Successful
Maintain on
5-ASA and observe
Inadequate response
Adequate response
Unsuccessful
IV Steroid
6MP/AZA
Success
Maintain
6-MP/AZA
Response
Failure
Consider
CyA
No
response
Colectomy
Inadequate response
Severe
Infliximab
Response
Maintain
infliximab
No
response
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Biologic era in IBD management:
Healing of refractory ulceration/fistula with Infliximab
van Dullemen HM et al. Gastroenterology. 1995;109:129.
Pretreatment 4 Weeks posttreatment
Pretreatment 2 Weeks
10 Weeks 18 weeks
Present DH, et al. N Engl J Med. 1999;340
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New Approaches to Therapeutic Intervention in Crohn’s Disease?
The “Step-up” vs “Top-down” Trial
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids
+ (episodic) IFX
IFX +
AZA
+ AZA/MTX
+ IFX
AZA, azathioprine; IFX, infliximab; MTX, methotrexate.