Download - Geronimo DVD Monday
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Geronimo DVD Monday
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Geronimo’s surrender ended 25 years of war
Promised 2 years of imprisonment Taken to Fort Bowie
along with those who helped Army find Geronimo
General Miles over ruled terms of surrender
2 years stretched to 27
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First taken to Florida As far as possible
All children over 12 taken to Carlisle Indian school in Pennsylvania
Tom Torlino - Navajo
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Next stop of imprisonmentMobile AlabamaThen moved to Fort Sill Oklahoma
1896 From several thousand at contact 388 in1896
In 1913 Chiricachua releasedForced of land in OklahomaA few remained as individual farmersOthers to the Mescalero Reservation
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Sand Creek
John Chivington Methodist Minister and Indian Killer
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After the civil war for a brief time the idea of a continued extermination policy was pushed
But, memory of all the death and destruction of Civil War led to pressure for a change
Senator Doolittle Chair of Committee on Indian
Affairs Led an investigation into native
people
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Doolittle Commission and the Peace Policy
Report on the Condition of Indian Tribes Doolittle report pointed out that Native
Americans Faced major problems because of Civil War
and following white invasion Native populations were declining due to Disease Warfare Lack of food
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Urged Government to end White encroachment onto Indian Land President Johnson meanwhile had been
placing religious people into positions as Indian Agents
Hoping to break the corruption that existed in the
President also created a Peace commission to tour the west to identify and solve problems
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After tour the commission urged the government to stop making treaties with all native Nations
1871 congressed passed and act to end treaty making
Native Americans would no longer “be acknowledged or recognized as an
independent nation, tribe, or power with who the United States may contract by treaty”
A unilateral decision Native Americans never intentionally
surrendered sovereignty
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Attack on sovereignty mirrored continued attack on Indian territory
1870sGovernment carved out several
new Indian agencies from lands owned by Cherokees Choctaws Chickasaws etc.
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Most pushed out of Kansas“a set of miserable, dirty, lousy,
blanketed, thieving, lying, sneaking, murdering, graceless, faithless, gut-eating skunks ”
Kansas newspaper editorFew who remained were
attacked, murdered or burned out
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Together on the Quapaw Agency
Example of confused and camped conditions Near Tahlequah, Cherokee capital, government settled
Wyndaots Quapaws Senecas Shawnees Pawnees
Peories Miamies Ottawas Modoc
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Nations used the era of reconstruction to begin healing some of the schisms
All under the watchful eye of the federal agents
At the same time more pressure was being brought to limit even the limited control Native Americans had in Indian Territory
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1870 Senator Benjamin F. Rice Arkansas
Offered a bill to organize Territory of Oklahoma Native Nations in Indian Territory Gathered together at an
intertribal council in Okmulgee Put together constitution for a
native state Congress refused
Recognized some native sovereignty
By 1907 state of Oklahoma formed
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Tribes of the Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, and Northwest
Watching and learningNatives in Indian territory had
many years of experience with the government Knew they took whatever they
couldThose further west still powerful
and ready to defend their land
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The first and most deadly invasion Possibly half plains population died 1779-91 in
small pox epidemic Stuck again in 1801-2, 1816, 1819
June 1837 American Steamboat docked at a Mandan Village on upper Missouri River Within weeks people began to die
“I keep no A/C of the dead, as they die so fast it is impossible”
Francis Chadran trader 1738 approx 15,000 October 1837 138
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Resistance on the southern plains
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October 1865 Meeting between American Government
and nations of southern plains
Central Indian Superintendent of Indian Affairs Thomas Murphy
General William S Harney
Black Kettle, Little Raven, Poor Bear and others represented the Kiowa-Apache
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Band leadership not tribalNative Americans act in good faithAs do whites
Give up land Arrange for 2 reservations
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Doesn’t get ratified by governmentPressure from white settlersBands not at treaty, and some who
were, begin to fight backTo defend their territoryTwo agents appeal for peaceSome natives agree some don’t
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1867 Winfield Scott Hancock
Determined to end troubles
Told agents going to take military campaign onto plains
To awe submissionWanted to parley but
will fight
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Heads into western KansasMet a few Oglala and Sioux near fort
LarnardClose by Cheyenne and Arapaho
village approx. 250 tipi
Cheyenne and Arapaho were in middle of sacred right
renewing medicine arrowsHancock thought they were stalling
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Hancock ordered men to march on camp
Knowledge of Sand Creek led some warriors to retaliate for march, attacked whites
Hancock used attacks as an excuse and destroyed the village
Offered an ultimatumWar or peace
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Kiowa, Comanche, Arapaho, Cheyenne and Kiowa-Apache rose up in war against blue coats
Closed all trails westKansas-Nebraska railroad could not
survey A number of Lakota joined Hancock sent Custer to punish the
LakotaHe couldn’t find them
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War continued throughout 1867 By October steps were made towards peaceWhites too numerous and could not be stoppedBuffalo soon be gone
Only future far Native Americans was “civilization”
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After many days of discussion Native Americans agreed to peace
secured hunting rights relocate to two large reservations
But conflict and small incidents continued
American government failed to live up to their part
Food and supplies not delivered1872 reservation shrunk by government
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September 17 1868General Sheridan ordered Major Forsyth
to punish “troublesome” CheyenneRan into a force of Cheyenne Dog
Soldier Indians trapped Soldier on Beechers
Island for eight days, killed six and wounded five
Eventually saved by the arrival of 10th cavalry – Buffalo Soldiers
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Beecher Island not of great importance itself but
Signaled intent of army to pursue Native Americans throughout the plains
November 27, 1868Custer caught Black Kettle and a
village of Cheyenne off guard near Washita village in western Indian territory
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Custer attacked quickly Killed 102 Cheyenne 800 Cheyenne horses Burned 51 tipi’s took 53 women and children captive This will happen to you if you don’t behave
US Army Battle of Washita Native Americans Washita Massacre
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War continued throughout 1867 By October steps were made towards peaceWhites too numerous and could not be stoppedBuffalo soon be gone
Only future for Native Americans was “civilization”
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After many days of discussion Native Americans agreed to peace
secured hunting rights relocate to two large reservations
But conflict and small incidents continued
American government failed to live up to their part
Food and supplies not delivered1872 reservation shrunk by government
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September 17 1868General Sheridan ordered Major Forsyth
to punish “troublesome” CheyenneRan into a force of Cheyenne Dog
Soldier Indians trapped Soldier on Beechers
Island for eight days, killed six and wounded five
Eventually saved by the arrival of 10th cavalry – Buffalo Soldiers
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Beecher Island not of great importance itself but
Signaled intent of army to pursue Native Americans throughout the plains
November 27, 1868Custer caught Black Kettle and a
village of Cheyenne off guard near Washita village in western Indian territory
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Custer attacked quickly Killed 102 Cheyenne 800 Cheyenne horses Burned 51 tipi’s took 53 women and children captive This will happen to you if you don’t behave
US Army Battle of Washita Native Americans Washita Massacre
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End December many nations had ended hostilities
Some Cheyenne west of the Wichita mountains continued to live traditional lifestyle
Quahada band of Commanch led by Quannah Parker
Remained free and fighting
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As more Cheyenne ended hostilities “Dog Soldiers” moved north to join Lakota “A man could not even court a girl unless he had
proved his courage. That was one reason so many were anxious to win good war records.... They were all afraid of what people, and especially the women, would say if they were cowardly. The women even had a song they would sing about a man whose courage had failed him: "If you are afraid when you charge, turn back. The Desert Women will eat you." ...It was hard to go into a fight, and they were often afraid, but it was worse to turn back and face the women.”
John Stands in Timber
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Kiowa group Under leader’s Satanta, Big Tree, Satank
Attacked a wagon train and killed several whites
Arrested and sent to Texas for trial Satank was killed resisting arrest Satanta, Big Tree sentenced to hang Governor commuted to life
Federal government agreed to release them if the Kiowa and Comanche return to and remain on reservation
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Return to Reservation spurred the last gasp of resistance
Over the next couple of months cavalry and mounted natives battled Red River Wars
Aug – December 1874 major pressure
Finally Quanah Parker would be persuaded to be stop fighting and the Red River Wars were over
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Northern Plains