Download - Geothermal Power Concept for Singapore
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Geothermal Power Concept for Singapore
We need a feasibility study costing SG$ 2m
Professor Andrew Palmer, FRS, CORE Dr Grahame Oliver, Geologist, Senior Visiting Fellow, Geothermal Power Concept Mr Hendrik Tjiawi, PhD Student, Engineered Geothermal Systems Mr Faizal Zulkefli, B Eng Hons, Geothermal District Cooling
Dept of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Department of Geography
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Singapore has world class heat flow
Singapore
Singapore = 110-130 mW/m2
Hamza (2007) International Journal of Earth Sciences
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Geothermal Power for Singapore? • Secure, base-load renewable energy
• Electric power, district cooling, process heating, desalination
• Predictable costs, probably cheaper than natural gas
• Close to market
• Contributes to renewable energy targets
California Energy Commission (2010)
Nat Gas
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Engineered Geothermal System (EGS), Hot Sedimentary Aquifer (HSA), Binary Cycle (BC)
One cubic km of buried granite at 200o C has the
stored energy equivalent to 10 MW for 20 years
Thermal blanket
EGS
HSA
74oC
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Provide 9700 MW for 60 m people
Unconventional Geothermal: EGS and HSA in plate interiors Conventional Geothermal:
hot, wet volcanic rocks near active tectonic boundaries
www.geyser.com
Desert Pk EGS
Chena Hot Spring
Birdsville HSA
EC EGS’s
Brady EGS
Greenfire EGS
Geodynamics Peralana
Limestone Coast
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Number of EGS projects 1970-2010
Stafford (2010)
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Recent EGS/HSA/DC geothermal exploration
• Germany, France, Australia, USA have commercial and demonstration EGS and HSA plants: use binary cycle generation
• Works programs in Australia (2002-13) worth US$903m
• May 2009: President Obama announced US$350 million stimulus boost for US
geothermal energy + US$25m in 2010 • 2009 Petratherm (HSA US$63m) + Geodynamics (EGS US$90m) • 2010 Perth District Cooling (HSA/DC) (Green Rock En US$12.4m) • 2010 Greenfire Energy $2m DoE Grant for CO2-based geothermal EGS, Arizona
• 2011 (April) Brady EGS (ORMAT) Seismicity during the EGS Injection (Mag < 0.58)
• 2011 (Oct) Pertratherm Paralana main fracture simulation 900 m (Mag <2.6)
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Heat flow map of SE Asia data from oil and gas wells, Hall & Morley (2003)
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Figure 3: Contoured heat flow map of part of SE Asia.
Singapore
Sumatra
Malay Basin
Average continent
Singapore is twice the average
Singapore geothermal gradient 32 – 40 o C/km
Up to80oC/km
Williams & Eubank (1995)
100 km
Malacca +
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Heat flow data points Hall, pers. comm (2010)
Av 60oC/km
Blue triangle = volcano. Red = NGDC data. Green = IPA/SEAPEX data
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Distribution of >60 thermal springs from Chong (2010)
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Sembawang Hot Spring, Singapore
(Chong, 2010)
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Heat source is the subducted Wharton Spreading Ridge?
Mid Miocene Pliocene-Present Whittaker et al. (2007)
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Compare heat flow with USA
Singapore 110-130 mW/m2 Continental average 60 mW/m2
1000 km
Desert Peak EGS 50 MW
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Compare heat flow with Australia
http://www.ga.gov.au/minerals/research/national/geothermal/index.jsp
Singapore 110- 130 mW/m2
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Singapore = 205 - 2300C
Europe: Temperatures at 5 km depth
http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/pdf/hdr_pres_en.pdf
Working Geothermal Power Projects
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Geology Map of Singapore with hot and cold springs
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Sembawang Hot Spring, Singapore
Discovered in1909
In ~100 m bore holes the max T
of the water was 70.2oC. Estimated
yield of approx 150 L/m. Pumped
at 400 L/m.
T = 70oC Zhao et al (2002)
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Results of chemical geothermometers Temperature in the reservoir
• SiO2 quartz, Fournier (1973) 125 o C
• SiO2 Swanberg and Morgan (1979) 126oC
• SiO2 Carmicheal (1989) 125o C
• Na/K/Ca Fournier and Truesdell (1973) 166 o C
• Na/K Fournier and Truesdell (1973) 169 o C
• Na/K Fournier (1979) 162 o C
• Na/K Truesdell (1976) 166 o C
• Na/K Santoyo and Diaz-Gonzalez (2010) 163 o C
Analyses listed in Lee & Zhou (2009)
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Wallace Walk Spring 26oC at ~60 m
Jungle Fall Valley Spring 24oC at 120 m
Temp incr 2oC in 60m = 3.33oC/100m Geothermal gradient = 33.3oC/km
Compare with previous estimate of 35oC/km
D Higgitt (pers com)
Temperatures in springs on Bukit Temah
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Where is the heat in Singapore?
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Geological Cross Section
Jurong Formation (210 M yr)
SW NE
Singapore Bukit Timah Granites (245 -230 M yr)
Gombak Gabbro (253 M yr)
Pulau Tekong Volcanics (235 M yr) and Seds
Bukit Timah Granite U = 6 +/-1 ppm, Th = 15 +/- 2 ppm K2O = 4.00 +/- 0.1 wt %
Heat production from 10 km thickness of upper crustal granite gives a heat flow of 69 mWm-2 cf actual ~120 mWm-2
4 km?
Younger Alluvium (Recent)
Older Alluvium (<1.8 M yr)
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Five Geothermal Prospects
SW NE
Jurong Is
Hot Sed Aquifer
EGS in Hot Granite Rock
EGS/HGR
Punggol & Changi P. Tekong
High heat flow from the mantle
Boreholes 3 – 4 km
Engineered Geothermal System
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Jurong Island HSA/EGS
Jurong Island Confined Hot Sedimentary
Aquifer?
Mt Faber 100m alt recharge
Granite
EngineeredGeothermal
System
2.4 m rainfall
Semakau: Unconfined
Hot Sed Aquifer?
Fresh water recharge Sea water recharge
Sandstone Limestone Shales
No deep geophysics
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Naturally fractured Bukit Temah granite is an excellent heat reservoir
Water seeps
Scale = 1 m
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Vertical cooling joints, horizontal exhumation joints
Dairy Farm Quarry, Singapore
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Lokos AnticlineSt John’s Island
Naturally fractured sandstones
Jurong Formation is an excellent heat reservoir
Naturally fractured Jurong Formation
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Gyben/Herzberg model for Singapore geothermal gradient of 35oC/km
sl sl
Water table at
120m/24oC
Interface
Cold sea water
150oC at 3.6 km
(Conduction
model)
Cold sea water
Rainfall = 2.4 m / yr
Temperature at 4.8 km depth = 192oC
Cold fresh water
Warm water
Hot water
Hot spring 70oC Hot spring
150oC at 2.8 km
(Convection model)
z = Pf . h Ps - Pf
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Groundwater Model
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2D Model grid for Singapore Tough 2 Software
k 1.0-1.5 mD k = 4-20 mD
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Water Salinity Johor Straight
Orange: seawater
Blue: freshwater
0
1500
3000
4500
6000m
Tough-2 Salinity model 1
0.400
0.375
0.350
0.325
0.300
0.275
0.250
0.225
0.200
0.175
0.150
0.125
0.100
0.075
0.050
0.025
0.000
Hot spring
1000m 2000 3000 4000
Singapore Straight Bukit Temah
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3000m
Sembawang hot spring
4500m
190C
170C
150C
130C
100C
60C
30C
150oC at 4 km
Simulation 1. Temperature distribution
Jurong/Semakau
160 mW/m2
k 1.0-1.5 mD
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Simulation 2. Temperature distribution
3000m
Sembawang hot spring
4500m
230C
208C
187C
166C
145C
123C
102C
150oC at 3km
81C
Jurong/Semakau
Includes radiogenic heat Bukit Temah Granite 3 mW/m3
160 mW/m2
k 1.0-1.5 mD
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Simulation 3. Temperature distribution
The model is porous media. Singapore is 3D fractured granite
150 oC at 2.2 km
Hot Spring 70oC
150oC at 3.2 km
Jurong/Semakau
Granite k = 0.1 mD
Heat flow 130 mW/m2 no radiogenics, very low k in granite
Edge effect
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Simulation 2D03 – Salinity (mg/l)
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2km/150oC
Simulation 2D03 – Temp (°C)
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Model groundwater flow
Vert = horiz scale
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Exploration well, Semakau
2-3 km down to hot water at 150oC?
Sea Level
Stress regime?
150oC
Drilling platform
Cost of drilling using petroleum technology = US$ 9m for 3 km
Cold sea water in unconfined aquifer
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SP
hphysik.uni-karlsruhe.
Present day stress map of SE Asia = NE/SW open joints in Singapore?
030oE
Blue = Thrust F. Red = Normal F
Green = Strike Slip F, Black = Unknown
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s1
s1
s2
s2
s3
s3
NE
SW
Predict that vertical joints in a NE/SW orientation will be open at ~3 km depth
Brown-Hoek stress profile below 1 km s2 is vert
Conclude: production wells should be horizontal and orientated NW/SE
Regional lineament trend
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Results of hydrofracturing in situ measurements in Singapore Granite
Zhao et al. (2005)
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Exploration well (3 months)
Sea Level
Hot geother- mal water
150oC from HSA
Drilling platform
Cost of drilling using petroleum technology = US$ 4m for 1 km horizontal
Unconfined recharge: cold sea water
Unconfined aquifer
NE SW
Joint set
Confined recharge: cold fresh water from Mt Faber
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Proof of Concept: 10 MW(t) EGS US$ 21.5m, 6 months
500 m
Injection of cold water
Proof of concept: cost of drilling = US$ 19.5m
3 km 3.5 km
Engineered hot granite or hot sedimentary reservoir
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Commercialisation: 20MW(t) EGS
3 km
500 m
Injection of recycled cold water
Production of hot water
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Commercialisation: 50MW(t) EGS
3 km
500 m
Injection of recycled cold water
Production of hot water
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Where to place geothermal power stations?
10 km Semakau Landfill
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Semakau Landfill, Singapore: 3 drilling pads?
7.25 km
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Proof of concept: 1 doublet: 10 MWt?
1 km
~3.6 km deep with 1 km horizontals
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Stacked 370 MWt Geothermal Power Station (25% efficency = 92.5 Mwe; US$4m/MW = US$370m)
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Ormat geothermal binary power plant , 57 MWe, East Mesa, California
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Combined electricity generation, process heating, district cooling,
desalination of sea water
Absorption Chiller
150oC
District Air
Conditioning
88oC
7oC
Desalination Process heating
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Uses lots of electricity (Cost10 cents/kWh?)
Uses very little electricity
District cooling using absorption chillers
Geothermal water in at 88oC (Costs 5 cents /kWh?)
Marina Bay 57 MW
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Design Parameters for District Cooling
• Housing estate will contain 6,000 homes of 120m2 each (e.g. Punggol New Town)
• 80,000 residents
• Each home owner would operate their air conditioner for 8 hours a day
• Project life cycle is 30 years
• Inflation/interest rate of 3% p.a.
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Desalination of sea water
61-62 o C geothermal water @ 603m/h for desalination of sea water using multi-effect distillation: Kimolos, Greece, pilot study = 80 m3/d @ 1.6Eu/m3 operating costs (2007). Costs ‘much lower’ for a large scale plant. Pulau Tekong?
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1: Autonomous electricity generation: +50 MW EGS neighbourhood /industrial power stations 2: Geothermal district cooling: EITHER using ‘waste’ water from the EGS generators OR 88 o C geothermal water and absorption chillers 3: Process heating: 150oC geothermal water for industrial process heating; preheated geothermal water for coal powered stations; preheated water for steam production 4. Desalination of sea water: 60oC geothermal water for desalination of sea water using multi-effect distillation: Kimolos, Greece, pilot study = 80 m3/d @ 1.6Eu/m3 operating costs (2007)
Markets
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Singapore geothermal feasibility study = SG$1.69m (excluding project management)
Concept
Feasibility = SG$1.69m
Appraisal
300m wells + model
Gravity Geochem
TEM MT
Seismics
Deep well
design
Deep well (stress/fract)
P o C
$275k
$134k
$376k
$700k?
$200k
Done
15 months
6 months
~$11.5m?
~$28m?
$187.2k
Exploration
3 months
R
I
S
K
A
N
A
L
Y
S
I
S Work flow/costs:
Proof of concept will take two years = SG$41.2m?
Costed at 2010 prices
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Summary
• GOOD GEOLOGY: World class high heat flow, hot springs
• NEW TECHNOLOGY: low cost, low T binary cycle power generators, deep horizontal bore holes, absorption chillers • MARKET: 5 m Singaporeans close to market, autonomous electrical supply, district cooling, process heating, desalination • STRATEGIC value of a Singaporean natural energy resource FEASIBILITY STUDY?
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CONCLUSIONS Singapore is a world class high heat flow geothermal prospect for electricity generation, district cooling and
process heating
Next, a SG$1.56m (US$ 1.22m) feasibility study
Singapore
Sumatra
Malay Basin
Average
Singapore
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The end
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Use the hot spot (120 mW/m2) to generate geothermal steam for Duri enhanced oil recovery scheme: 200oC – 24 = 176oC, / by 60 = 2.9 km 150oC – 24 = 126oC / by 60 = 2.1 km
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Development costs: Singapore-type
• Development cost at 2-3 km depths, US$3.93 m / MW (av of 3 estimates)
• 50 MW power station (providing for 50k SP homes or all (or part of) the MRT) = 50 x 3.93 = US$ 197m
• Production costs at 10 cents / kWh
• Sell at discounted domestic rate of 17 cents / kWh
• Profit of 7 cents / kWh = US$70/MWh
Singapore domestic rate July 2010= SG22.98 cents/kWh = US17.3 cents/kWh
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“Saves” the Singapore economy US$50 m/yr
• In 1 yr a 50 MW power station makes
70 x 50 x 365 x 24 = US$30.6m “profit”
• Write off development = 197/30.6 = 6.4 years
• Lifespan 30 years
• 50 MW saves 0.5 m barrels / yr x US$100 / bbl = US$50 m/yr
• Carbon credits?
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Comparative district cooling costs for 80,000 people over 30 years
Cost using conventional compressor technology = SG$83.2 m
Cost using 1.8 km deep doublets, 88oC, 20 MW Geothermal District Cooling = SG$48.6 m
Savings = SG$34.6 = savings of 41.6% over the study period of 30 yrs
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Environmental Impact/Risks Man-made seismicity The oil industry routinely hyrdofractures under Los Angeles, with no adverse effects. The 3.4 ML seismic event on December 8th 2006 under Basel, Switzerland, during hydraulic stimulation of a 5 km deep EGS in an active fault zone was clearly felt in the city and was accompanied by a load bang. There was no structural damage: some stone walls were cracked and roof tiles were displaced. 3.4’s not felt more than 2 km from epicenter. More than 100 events with a similar magnitude occur in California annually with negligible impact. Rather than hydrofracture, use matrix acidification (HF acid)
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Brady EGS, ORMAT
• Seismicity during the EGS Injection of April, 2011
• Max seismicity 2.58