Eon Era Period

255

260

265

270

275

280

285

290

295

300

305

310

315

320

325

330

335

340

345

350

355

360

365

370

375

380

385

390

395

400

405

410

415

420

425

430

435

440

445

450

455

460

465

470

475

480

485

490

495

500

505

510

515

520

525

530

535

540

P a

l e o

z o

i c

Era

Cam

bria

nO

rdov

icia

nS

iluria

nD

evon

ian

Car

boni

fero

usP

erm

ian

Terre-neuvian

Epoch 2

Epoch 3

Furon-gian

Early

Middle

Late

Llandovery

WenlockLudlowPridoli

Early

Middle

Late

Ear

lyE

arly

Mid

dle

Mid

.La

teLa

teC

isur

alia

n

Guada-lupian

Lopingian

-100 0 100 200m

Age(Ma)

Age(Ma)Age / StageEpoch

Pol

arity

Perio

d Sealevel

Pen

nsyl

vani

anM

issi

ssip

pian

Fortunian

Age 2

Age 3

Age 4Age 5

DrumianGuzhangian

PaibianJiangshanian

Age 10

Tremadocian

FloianDapingian

Darriwilian

Sandbian

KatianHirnantian

RhuddanianAeronianTelychian

SheinwoodianHomerianGorstian

Ludfordian

Lochkovian

Pragian

Emsian

EifelianGivetian

Frasnian

Famennian

Tournaisian

Visean

Serpukhovian

Bashkirian

Moscovian

KasimovianGzhelianAsselian

Sakmarian

Artinskian

KungurianRoadianWordian

CapitanianWuchiapingian

Changhsingian

541

529

521

514

509

504.5

500.5

497494

489.5

485.4

477.7

470.0467.3

458.4

453.0

445.2443.8440.8438.5

433.4430.5

427.4425.6423.0

419.2

410.8

407.6

393.3

387.7

382.7

372.2

358.9

346.7

330.9

323.2

315.2

307.0

303.7

298.9

295.5

290.1

279.3

272.3

268.8

265.1

259.8

254.2

Messinian

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

140

145

150

155

160

165

170

175

180

185

190

195

200

205

210

215

220

225

230

235

240

245

250

Tria

ssic

Jura

ssic

Cre

tace

ous

Pal

eoge

neC

e n

o z

o i

cM

e s

o z

o i

cN

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ne

Quat.

Early

Middle

Late

Early

Middle

Late

Early

Late

Paleo-cene

Eoc

ene

Oligo-cene

Mio

cene

PliocenePleistocene

Induan252.2250.0

247.1

241.5

237

228.4

209.5

201.3199.3

190.8

182.7

174.1

170.3168.3166.1163.5

157.3

152.1

145.0

139.4

133.9

130.8

126.3

113.0

100.5

93.9

89.8

86.383.6

66.0

72.1

61.659.2

56.0

47.8

41.2

OlenekianAnisian

Ladinian

Carnian

Norian

Rhaetian

Hettangian

Sinemurian

Pliensbachian

Toarcian

AalenianBajocian

BathonianCallovianOxfordian

Kimmeridgian

Tithonian

Berriasian

ValanginianHauterivianBarremian

Aptian

Albian

Cenomanian

TuronianConiacianSantonian

Campanian

DanianSelandianThanetian

Ypresian

Lutetian

BartonianPriabonian37.8

33.9

28.1

23.0320.44

15.9713.8211.63

7.25

Piacenzian/ Zanclean5.33

M25/26 M24M23M22M21M20M19

M11M10

M17/18

M14/15M12/13

M7/9M5/6

M16

M0r/M1

M"-1"r

C34

C33

C32C31C30C29

C27/28

C26C25

C24C23C22C21

C19/20

C18C17

C15/16C13C12

C10/11

C7/9

C6

C5

C4C3C2C1

-100 0 100 200m

see Quaternary detail

Rupelian

ChattianAquitanianBurdigalian

LanghianSerravallianTortonian

Maastrichtian

M3

Age(Ma) Age / StageEpoch

Era

PolarityChron

Perio

d Sealevel

C e

n o

z o

i c

Neo

gene

Plio

cene

Ple

isto

cene

Holocene

Qua

tern

ary

Age(Ma) Age / Stage

Epo

ch

Era

PolarityChron

Perio

d

Lisieki &Raymo, 2005

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.33

3.6

2.59

1.81

0.78

Zanclean

Piacenzian

Gelasian

Calabrian

Ionian

Tarantian0.13

0.0118

C3

C2A

C2

C1

3 4 5M

atuy

ama

Gau

ssG

ilber

tB

runh

es246

810

12

14

16

18

202224262830323436384042444648505254565860626468707274767880828486889092949698100

102104106

MarineIsotopeStages

warm cool

δ18O

Jara-millo

Olduvai

Thvera

356 Ma Carboniferous

650 Ma Cryogenian

425 Ma Silurian

514 Ma Cambrian

255 Ma Permian255 M P i

650 Ma CCryogenian

ISBN 978-0-44-459425-9

Geologic Time Scale 2012C

e n

o z

o i

cN

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Plio

cene

Ple

isto

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Holocene

Qua

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gg Age / Stage

Epo

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Era

PPollariittyChron

Perio

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Lisieki &Raymo, 2005

0

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111.0

111.5

22222.0

22222.5

33333.0

33333.5

44444.0

44444.5

55555.0

555.5.33333333

3.6

2.59

1.81

0.78

Zanclean

Piacenzian

Gelasian

Calabrian

Ionian

Tarantian0.13

0.0118

C3

C2A

C2

C1

3 4 5M

atuy

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δδδδ18181818181818OOOOO

-Jara--Jmilloo

Olduvai

Thvera

Messinian

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

1100

1105

1110

1115

1120

1125

1130

1135

1140

1145

1150

1155

1160

1165

1170

1175

1180

1185

1190

1195

22200

22205

22210

22215

22220

22225

22230

22235

22240

22245

222522 0

Tria

ssic

Jura

ssic

Cre

tace

ous

Pal

eoge

neC

e n

o z

o i

cM

e s

o z

o i

cN

eoge

ne

Quat.

Early

Middle

Late

Early

Middle

Late

Early

Late

Paleo-cene

Eoc

ene

Oligo-cene

Mio

cene

PliocenePleistocene

Induan252.2250.0

247.1

241.5

237

228.4

209.5

201.3199.3

190.8

182.7

174.1

170.31168.3166.1163.5

157.3

152.1

145.0

139.4

133.9

130.8

126.3

113.0

100.5

93.9

89.8

86.383.6

66.0

72.1

61.659.2

56.0

47.8

41.2

OlenekianAnisian

Ladinian

Carnian

Norian

Rhaetian

gHettangiangH tt i

Sinemurian

Pliensbachian

Toarcian

AalenianjBajocianj

BathonianCallovianOxfordian

Kimmeridgian

Tithonian

Berriasian

ValanginianHauterivianBarremian

Aptian

Albian

Cenomanian

TuronianConiacianSantonian

Campanian

DanianSelandianSelandianThanetian

Ypresian

Lutetian

BartonianPriabonian37.8

33.9

28.1

23.0320.44

15.9713.8211.63

7.25

Piacenzian/Piacenzian/ Zanclean ocene Piacenzian/5.33 PP

M25/26 M24M23M22M21M21M20M19M19

M11M10

M17/18

M14/15M12/13/

M7/9M5/6

M16

M0r/M1

M"-1"r

C34

C33

C32C31C30C29

C27/28

C26C25

C24C23C22C21

C19/20

C18C17C

C15/16C13C12

C10/11

C7/9

C6

C5

C4C3C2C1

-100- 0 100 200mmm

see Quaternary detail

Rupelian

ChattianqAquitanianq

BurdigalianLanghiangL hi

SerravallianS lliTortonian

Maastrichtian

M3

AAAAAAge(((Ma)

gg Age / StageEpoch

Era

PPollariittyChron

Perio

dd SSSSSSeeeaaalevel

2255

2260

2265

2270

2275

2280

2285

2290

2295

3300

3305

3310

3315

3320

3325

3330

3335

3340

3345

3350

3355

3360

3365

3370

3375

3380

3385

3390

3395

4400

4405

4410

4415

4420

4425

4430

4435

4440

4445

4450

4455

4460

4465

4470

4475

4480

4485

4490

4495

5500

5505

5510

5515

5520

5525

5530

5535

5454555455 000

P a

l e o

zo

i cE

ra

Cam

bria

nO

rdov

icia

nS

iluria

nD

evon

ian

Car

boni

fero

usP

erm

ian

Terre-neuvian

Epoch 2

Epoch 3

Furon-gian

Early

Middle

Late

Llandovery

WenlockLudlowPridoli

Early

Middle

Late

Ear

lyE

arly

Mid

dle

Mid

.La

teLa

teC

isur

alia

n

Guada-lupian

Lopingian

-100 0 100 200mmmmm

AAAAAge((Ma)

gg Age / StageEpoch

Pol

arittyyyyyyy

Perio

dd SSSSSSeeaalevel

Pen

nsyl

vani

anM

issi

ssip

pian

Fortunian

Age 2

Age 3

Age 4Age 5

DrumianGuzhangiang

PaibianJiangshanian

Age 10

Tremadocian

Floianp gDapingianp g

Darriwilian

Sandbian

KatianHirnantian

RhuddanianAeronianA iTelychian

SheinwoodianHomerianH iGorstianG ti

LudfordianL df di

Lochkovian

gPragiang

Emsian

EifelianGivetian

Frasnian

Famennian

Tournaisian

Visean

Serpukhovian

Bashkirian

Moscovian

KasimovianGzhelianAsselian

Sakmarian

Artinskian

KungurianRoadianWordian

CapitanianWuchiapingian

g gChanghsingiang g

545454541111

529

521

514

509

504.5

500.5

497494

489.5

485.4

477.7

470.0467.3

458.4

453.0

4445.24443.8440.8438.5

433.4430.5

427.44425.6423.0

419.2

410.8

407.6

393.3

387.7

382.7

372.2

358.9

346.7

330.9

323.2

315.2

307.0

303.7

298.9

295.5

290.1

279.3

272.3

268.8

265.1

259.8WW254.22

Eon Era PeriodAAAge(Ma)

gg

237 Ma Triassic

152 Ma Jurassic

94 Ma Cretaceous

50 Ma Paleogene

21,000 years Quaternary

PHANEROZOIC PHANEROZOIC & PRECAMBRIAN

600

500

400

300

200

100

700

800

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

900

2000

2100

2200

2400

2500

2600

2700

2800

2900

3000

3100

3200

3300

2300

3400

3500

3600

3800

3900

4000

4100

4200

4300

4400

4500

3700

Arc

hean

Hadean

Pro

tero

zoic

Pha

nero

zoic

Cryogenian

Tonian

Stenian

Ectasian

Calymmian

Statherian

Orosirian

Rhyacian

Siderian

Ediacaran

Neo-proterozoic

Neo-archean

Meso-archean

Meso-proterozoic

Paleo-proterozoic

Paleo-archean

Eoarchean

Paleozoic

Mesozoic

Cenozoic

3600

4560

4000

3200

2800

2500

2300

2050

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

850

635

GeologicTimeScaleFoundation

CambrianOrdovician

SilurianDevonian

CarboniferousPermianTriassicJurassic

CretaceousPaleogene

Copyright © 2012 Geologic TimeScale Foundation

For details see:"The Geologic Time Scale 2012" by F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. Schmitz and G. Ogg (2012, published by Elsevier), and the website of the Geologic TimeScale Foundationhttp://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu. The maps were provided by Chris Scotese.

This chart was producedby Gabi Ogg usingTimeScale Creatorsoftware: http://www.tscreator.org

PrecambrianPaleozoicMesozoicCen

TimeScaLe

CreatorR

Legend:

Uncertain polarity

Subduction Zone

Spreading Center

Reversed polarity

Normal polarity

FFor details see:""The Geologic Time Scale 2012" by F. M. GGradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. Schmitz and G. Ogg ((2012, published by Elsevier), and the website oof the Geologic TimeScale Foundationhhttp://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu.TThe maps were provided by Chris Scotese.

TThis chart was producedbby Gabi Ogg usingTTimeScale Creatorssoftware:httpp://www.tscreator.orgg

PrecambPaleozoMesozoicCen

TimeScaLe

CreatorRrr

LLLegenddd:

Uncertain polarity

Subduction Zone

Spreading Center

Reversed polarity

Normal polarity

NORLEXwww.nhm2.uio.no/stratlex

ISBN 978-0-44-459425-9