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Geographic Metaphor
Natalie To Psyc 195
San Jose State University
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Geographic Metaphor
Like a geographic map
Attempt to develop a region for the mind
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Geographic Metaphor
History: Frank Joseph GallPhrenology : pattern of bumps and swells on the
skull associated with one’s pattern of abilities
“Ability factors”
Developed statistical means
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Identifying Abilities Factors of Intelligence
Spearman’s two-factor theory (1927) General ability – “g”Specific abilities – “s”
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One or Many?Godfrey Thomson (1939)
“g” Plus skills and motivation
Louis L. Thurston (1938) Intelligence comprised of 7 distinct but
interrelated factors (verbal comp., verbal fluency, number, memory, perceptual speed, inductive reasoning, and spatial visualization)
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One or Many?
J. P. Guilford (1956)Structure-of-intellect theory with 120 distinct
abilities Involved content, cognitive product, and mental
operation aspect Pro:
Test construction Challenges:
Intercorrelation of ability factors are too many
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Hierarchical Theories of Intelligence
General intelligence is at the top and more specific abilities are lower in the hierarchy
Horn & Cattell (1966)– Nine abilities at the top but the two best known are fluid and crystallized intelligence
Carroll (1993) – Three stratum theory
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Hierarchical Theories of Intelligence
Guttman (1954)Radex model of intelligence
“g” at the center The harder the mental energy, the closer to “g” it
was The further away, the easier the mental ability Tests that were more similar to each other were
located close to each other
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Conclusion
Distinct abilities that can be measured by mental tests
How people differ in their degree to which the possess these abilities
Organization
Cannot explain what an ability factor isWhat is mental energy?
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ReferencesCianciolo, A. T. & Sternberg R. J. (2004).
Intelligence: A Brief History. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.