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Genetics and Plant Development
MUPGRET WorkshopMarch 27, 2004
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Developmental stages Germination Juvenile Adult Reproductive
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Germination Seed takes up ~30% of its weight
in water. Enzymes drive cell division and
expansion. Radicle root emerges first. Next the coleoptile emerges
followed by lateral seminal roots.
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Germination
From: How a Corn Plant Develops. http://maize.agron.iastate.edu/corngrows.html#how
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Factors that affect development
Environmental Temperature Moisture Disease/Pests Nutrients
Genetic
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Vegetative Stage Growth of the plant. Divided into juvenile and adult. Plants must become adult before
can become reproductive. Juvenile tissues have distinct
properties. Lack leaf hairs. Different epicuticular wax.
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Seedling Structure
From: How a Corn Plant Develops. http://maize.agron.iastate.edu/corngrows.html#how
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Adult
VE V3 V6
V8 V12 V15 V18 VT
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Adult By V6 the tassel is already
preformed. By V12 the number of rows in the
kernel are determined.
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Reproductive
R1-silking R2-Blister R3-Milk
R4-DoughR5-Dent
R6-Phys. Maturity
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Leaf development
Corn leaf cross section
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Epidermis Interfaces with the environment. Epidermis contains guard cells that
open and close the stomates to regulate water loss.
Epidermal surfaces are often covered with cuticular wax, also to prevent water loss.
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Epidermal development
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Root Development
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Mutants help to understand development
The letters in DNA spell out instructions for the gene product and the phenotype we observe.
Mis-spellings can often cause changes in the phenotype.
A copy of the gene containing a spelling error is called a mutant.
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Mutants II Mutants can be silent, missense or
nonsense. By disrupting the normal function
of a gene they tell us what the genes normal function was.
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Examples
D8
orp1
Kn1
vp5
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Background
The roots of plants play a vital role in water and mineral acquisition which are essential for plant growth and development. Under conditions of drought, roots can adapt to continue growth while at the same time producing and sending “early warning” signals to shoots which inhibit the plant growth above ground.
The broad aim of the project is:•to develop an understanding of the molecular mechanisms used by plant roots to acquire water and minerals from the soil;•to elucidate the role roots play in adaptation to drought conditions; •and to transfer this knowledge to crop improvement through biotechnology.
Background
The roots of plants play a vital role in water and mineral acquisition which are essential for plant growth and development. Under conditions of drought, roots can adapt to continue growth while at the same time producing and sending “early warning” signals to shoots which inhibit the plant growth above ground.
The broad aim of the project is:•to develop an understanding of the molecular mechanisms used by plant roots to acquire water and minerals from the soil;•to elucidate the role roots play in adaptation to drought conditions; •and to transfer this knowledge to crop improvement through biotechnology.
Background
The roots of plants play a vital role in water and mineral acquisition which are essential for plant growth and development. Under conditions of drought, roots can adapt to continue growth while at the same time producing and sending “early warning” signals to shoots which inhibit the plant growth above ground.
The broad aim of the project is:•to develop an understanding of the molecular mechanisms used by plant roots to acquire water and minerals from the soil;•to elucidate the role roots play in adaptation to drought conditions; •and to transfer this knowledge to crop improvement through biotechnology.
http://rootgenomics.missouri.edu
University of Missouri at Columbia
University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign
Donald Danforth Plant Science
Center, St Louis
Henry Nguyen
Robert Sharp
Georgia Davis
Gordon Springer
Hans Bohnert
Daniel Schachtman
Collaborators:
Yajun Wu, Utah State Univ.
Dong Xu, Univ. Missouri-Columbia
Roberto Tuberosa, Univ. Bologna, Italy
Steve Quarrie, John Innes Ctr., UK and Univ. Belgrade, Yugoslavia
John-Marcel Ribaut, CIMMYT, Mexico
Functional Genomics of Root Growth and Root Signaling Under Drought
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Root growth objectives
• Genetic diversity in growth responses to water stress
• Gene expression profiles in the root growth zone (ESTs and microarrays)
• Cell wall protein profiles in the root growth zone
• Role of ABA in root growth maintenance
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0.0 -0.4 -0.8 -1.2 -1.60
1
2
3
ELO
NG
AT
ION
RA
TE
(m
m h
-1)
VERMICULITE WATER POTENTIAL (MPa)
Primary Root Shoot
After germination, transplanted to vermiculite at various water potentials, and grown under non-transpiring conditions (darkness and near-saturation humidity) to achieve precise, constant and reproducible water deficits.
Roots continue to grow under water stress.
Shoots do not.
Maize seedlings
WATER STRESSED
WELL WATERED
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Taking advantage of a kinematic approach
“A knowledge of the spatial and temporal variation
in growth rates within tissues can be a powerful
tool in physiological studies.
Little of the existing literature on the physiology of
growing tissue contains this kind of information.”
Erickson RO, Silk WK (1980) The kinematics of plant growth.
Scientific American 242: 134-151
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WELL WATERED WATER STRESSED
(-1.6 MPa)
1 cm
Sharp RE et al. (1988) Plant Physiol 87: 50-57
Growth rate is slower for water stressed roots than for well-watered roots.
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Root apex
End of growth zone, WS
End of growth zone, WW
WATER STRESSED(WS)
WELL WATERED (WW)
MO17 x FR27
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WATER STRESSED(WS)
WELL WATERED (WW)
1 2 3 4
Region 1, elongation completely maintained in WS
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WATER STRESSED(WS)
WELL WATERED (WW)
1 2 3 4
Region 1, elongation completely maintained in WS
Region 2, maximum elongation in WW, inhibition in WS
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WATER STRESSED(WS)
WELL WATERED (WW)
1 2 3 4
Region 1, elongation completely maintained in WS
Region 2, maximum elongation in WW, inhibition in WS
Region 3, deceleration in WW, cessation in WS
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Region 1, elongation completely maintained in WS
Region 2, maximum elongation in WW, inhibition in WS
Region 3, deceleration in WW, cessation in WS
Region 4, non-elongating in WW and WS
WATER STRESSED(WS)
WELL WATERED (WW)
1 2 3 4
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Root growth objectives
• Genetic diversity in growth responses to water stress
• Transcript profiles in the root growth zone (ESTs and microarrays)
• Cell wall protein profiles in the root growth zone
• Role of ABA in root growth maintenance
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cDNA libraries and expressed
sequence tag (EST) analysis
(Hans Bohnert et al., unpublished)
• Line FR697 (stress tolerant), root tip regions 1-4
• Well-watered, 5 h and 48 h after transplanting, combined for one library
• Water-stressed (-1.6 MPa), 5 h and 48 h after transplanting, two libraries
• ~6,000 ESTs sequenced per library (normalized)
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S1 S2 S3 S4
3 7 12 20 mm
In each library, the region of origin of sequences was tracked by adding one of four segment-identifying tags to the 3’ end of each mRNA source
Segment 1 S1 ACGCA18(T)Segment 2 S2 ACCGA18(T)Segment 3 S3 TCGCA18(T)Segment 4 S4 TCCGA18(T)
20,000+ sequences have been submitted to GenBank, with more to follow
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
ESTs Sequenced Segment TagFound
AcceptedSequences
well watered 5h water stress 48h water stress
(3’-end)
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WW WS 5h WS 48h
S1 262 275 123 S1 specific
S2 214 49 61 S2 specific
S3 125 293 578 S3 specific
S4 181 282 251 S4 specific
no tag 164 313 275 No segment identity but
unique in each library
Total in library
946 1,212 1,288
library-specific
library-specific
library-specific
Unigenes summary
WW, well wateredWS 5h, water stress 5hWS 48h, water stress 48h
~7,000 unigenes
• 3,446 specific to libraries and segments
• 2,331 in more than one library and/or segment
• 3,184 ESTs with no known protein alignment
With additional sequencing from subtracted library (in progress), 9-10,000 unigenes expected
Most of the top 10 abundant transcripts are functionally unknown
Estimated that most of the root transcript complement has been sampled (<10,000 genes [Goldberg, 1980s])
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Segment similarities assessed by composition and redundancy of
all ESTs (using “virtualSAGE”, Bohnert et al.)
WW, S2
WS 5h, S1
WW, S1
WS 48h, S1
WS 5h, S4
WS 5h, S2
WS 48h, S2
WS 48h, S3
WS 48h, S4
WW, S4
WW, S3
WS 5h, S3
Most distinct profile, region of maximum elongation in WW and inhibition of elongation in WS
Highlights the strength of the kinematic approach to transcript profiling
S1 S2 S3 S4
WW
WS
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PostdocsEric OberImad SaabBill SpollenJinming Zhu
Graduate StudentsIn-Jeong ChoEleanor ThorneYajun Wu
Research AssociateMary LeNoble
Research SpecialistLindsey Sharp
UndergraduateRachel Maltman
Collaborators
Dan Cosgrove, Penn State Univ.
Steve Fry, Univ. Edinburgh, UK
Jennifer MacAdam, Utah State Univ.
Don McCarty, Univ. Florida-Gainesville
Mayandi Sivaguru, Molecular Cytology Core, Univ. Missouri-Columbia
Yajun Wu, Utah State Univ.
Ted Hsiao, Univ. California-Davis
Wendy Silk, Univ. California-Davis
DBI 0211842