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Index
This Seminar is Proudly Sponsored by :TRUST SYNERGY INTERNATIONAL
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by Nicholas Naing
GENERATOR PROTECTION SYSTEM
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Index
1.00 p.m : Welcome Speech by YTU Electrical Power Department Head
1.10 p.m : Introduction to the Speaker
1.15 p.m : Generator Protection Systems
1.50 p.m : Tea Break
2.00 p.m : Protection Functions Detail
2.40 p.m : Question and Answer Section
3.00 p.m : End of Presentation
Agenta : 13th JAN 2016 , 1 p.m ~ 3 p.m , YTU
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IndexOverview Generator Abnormal Operating Conditions
Loss of SynchronismAbnormal FrequencyOver excitationField LossInadvertent EnergizingBreaker FailureLoss of Prime Mover PowerBlown VT FusesOpen Circuits
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Index
The "Wild"PowerSystem
G
Exciter
Loss of FieldLoss of Field
Overexcitation
Overexcitation
Overexcitation
OpenCircuits
Loss ofSynchronism
InadvertentEnergizing,Pole Flashover
AbnormalFrequency
AbnormalFrequency
BreakerFailure
ReversePower
OverPower
What Really happened ?
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IndexWhat Really happened ?
The "Wild"PowerSystem
G
Exciter
StatorGround
StatorPhase
SystemGround
SystemPhase
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IndexProtection Functions
• Generator Stator Differential• Backup Distance Protection• 100% Stator Ground• Generator Unbalance• Loss of Excitation• Accidental Energization• Breaker Fail • Phase Overcurrent – Voltage Restraint• Neutral Inst. / Timed Overcurrent• Neg. Sequence Overcurrent• Under / Over Voltage• Under / Over Frequency• Generator Thermal Model• RTD Temperature• Overexcitation – Volts/Hertz
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IndexSmall Generator Protection (IEEE)
32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
87 Differential
Small Size – up to 1 MW
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IndexMedium Generator Protection (IEEE)
Medium Size – up to 12.5 MW
32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
46 Negative Sequence
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
87 Differential
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IndexLarge Generator Protection (IEEE)
Large Size – Up to 50 MW
32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
46 Negative Sequence
49 Thermal Overload
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
64 Ground Relay
87 Differential
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IndexLarge Generator Protection (IEEE)
Large Size – above 50 MW
32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
46 Negative Sequence
49 Thermal Overload
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
64 Ground Relay
87 Differential
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IndexSample Generator Protection Relay Wiring
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IndexSample Generator Protection Relay Wiring
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IndexSample Generator Protection Relay Wiring
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IndexSample Generator Protection Relay Wiring
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Index
binary w. cable supervision inputs
Three-phase V AC(110-690V AC)
Three-phase I AC
MPU pickup/Dig. running/Ana. running
Crank Start prepare Run/stop coil
Three multi inputs: PT 100/1000, (0)4..20mA, VDO, 0..40V
Emergency stop
Start enable
Sample Generator Protection with Relay
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Index
16 diesel generators15 diesel generators & 1 emergency generator8 bustie breakers2 shaft generators2 shore connectionsWrapped busbar possibillity
Sample Generators Parallel Setup
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IndexBreak
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IndexDesirable Attributes of Generator
Protection ANSI number Levels Standard
Phase sequence voltage 47 1 ×
Generator reverse power (2×) 32 2 ×
Generator overcurrent (4×) 50 4 ×
Voltage-dependent overcurrent 51V 1 ×
Fast overcurrent (2×) 51 2 ×
Generator overvoltage (2×) 59 2 ×
Generator undervoltage (3×) 27 3 ×
Generator overfrequency (3×) 81 3 ×
Generator underfrequency (3×) 81 3 ×
Busbar overvoltage (3×) 59B 3 ×
Busbar undervoltage (4×) 27B 4 ×
Busbar overfrequency (3×) 81B 3 ×
Busbar underfrequency (4×) 81B 4 ×
Generator overload (5×) 32 5 ×
Current/voltage unbalance 60 1 ×
Over excitation 24 1 ×
Loss of excitation 40 1 ×
Alarm relay 74 1 ×
Trip of non-essential load 3 3 groups
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IndexGenerator Management Relay Sample
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IndexProtection Functions
Generator Stator Differential (87)• Stator Phase Differential• Dual Slope Percent Restraint Operating
Characteristic • Directional Supervision under saturation
conditionsDistance Protection (21/21N)• set based in percentages of the line
impedances• zone 1 is 80% of the impedance of the
line in order to not reach the remote end, the
• zone 2 can be set at 120% of the impedance of the line in order to dependably overreach the line,
• zone 3 sometimes are disabled or set to cover an adjacent line.
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IndexProtection Functions
Over Excitation ( 24 )
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IndexProtection FunctionsVoltage Protection (59)
• Phase Overvoltage• Phase Undervoltage• Neutral Overvoltage (fundamental)• Neutral Undervoltage (3rd Harmonic)• Voltage Phase Reversal
Voltage Restraint OvercurrentUndervoltage Trip Curves
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IndexProtection FunctionsCurrent Protection (50)
• Phase, Ground and Negative Sequence Overcurrent Tripping
• IEC, ANSI , IAC and Customizable Overcurrent Curves
• Voltage Restraint increasing sensitivity under low voltage conditions
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IndexProtection Functions
Frequency Protection (81)• Overfrequency (81O)• Underfrequency (81U)
100% Stator Ground Protection (59N/59D)
Protects all of the stator windingExisting schemes typically only see 90%Stop low level fault near neutral from degrading into a high level fault and causing large amounts of damage
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IndexProtection Functions
Reverse Power (32)Should be sensitive to 0.05 pu to properly detect motoring in large steam turbines
Existing E/M and Static relays not sensitive enoughMay cause shutdown difficulties
Negative Sequence (46)Should be sensitive to low values to detect open poles/conductors on system after
GSUExisting E/M and Static relays not sensitive enough
Long time low level events may cause excessive rotor heating, thermal tripping and damage rotor
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IndexProtection FunctionsVolt/Hertz (Overexcitation) (40)
• Detects changes in the Volts/Hertz ratio of the generator or associated transformer
Loss of Excitation
Loss of Excitation (24)• Uses Impedance Circle for loss of excitation detection
• 2 Zones for fault detection and control
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IndexProtection Functions
Thermal Protection (49 )• Generator Thermal Model• RTD Alarming and Tripping• RTD Biased Thermal Model
Thermal Model – Voltage Dependen Overload Curves
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IndexProtection Functions
Inadvertent Energizing (27)
• High speed tripping of unit after breaker accidentally closed on dead machine, also pole flashover prior to syncing
• Most existing schemes do not incorporate• Many schemes fail due to complexity (reliance on breaker auxiliary switches, yard distance relays, etc.
• If breaker is not tripped rapidly, mechanical and electric damage can occur to machine in fractions of a second!
• Pole flashovers must be cleared by high speed breaker failure, as the breaker is open!
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IndexProtection Relay Actions
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IndexProtection Relay Actions
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IndexCommon Problems
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Index
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Index
THANK YOU