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Gendered Lives
Chapter 1
The Study of Communication, Gender & Culture
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• A. Expanded Knowledge of Gender, Communication, Culture
•1. Only the last 20 years…
•2. 110,000
I. Communication, Gender, and Culture as an Area of
Study
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• 1. Learning about communication, gender, and culture:
• a. Help you understand and critique gendered patterns of interaction
• b. Enhances insight into own gender
• c. Strengthens effectiveness as a communicator
B. The Value of Studying Communication, Gender, &
Culture
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• A. On one level•1. Think women and men equal
• B. On another level•1. May hold traditional views
•It depends on your frame of reference
• C. Thoughts vs. Actions
II. Gender In a Transitional Era
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• A. Are men and women really that different??
• B. Several variables influence us such as:
• C. Essentializing•Presume all members of sex
alike
III. Differences Between Women & Men
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• Gender, culture, communication interlinked
• Cannot study one without understanding other two
IV. Relationships among Gender, Culture, &
Communication
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• 1. Sex = designation based on biology
• 2. Gender = socially constructed and expressed•a. Sex and gender usually go
together•b. Can be inconsistent
A. Sex
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• 3. Male or female based on external genitalia and internal sex organs•a. Genitalia and sex markers
determined by chromosomes•XX•XY
A. Sex
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• 4. Hormones influence development
•a. Fetuses with Y bathed in androgens (Development of male sex organs)
•b. Fetuses without Y - fewer androgens (Development of female sex organs)
A. Sex
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• 5. Influence of hormones continues throughout lifetime•a. Males more sensitive to
hormonal activity
• 6. Biology influences how we develop but doesn’t determine behavior or personality
A. Sex
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• 7. Some people are born with biological characteristics of each sex
•a. Traditionally called hermaphrodites
•Today the term intersexed is preferred
A. Sex
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• RECAP:
•Born male or female (sex)•Learn to act masculine and/or
feminine (gender)•Gender changes over time
B. Gender
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• 1. Gender depends on a society’s values, and varies from culture to culture• In America
•Masculine = strong, successful, rational, emotionally controlled
•Feminine = attractive, nurturing, deferential, expressive
B. Gender
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• 2. Gender is learned• 3. We do not passively receive
gender • 4. Gender is not stable
•Gender queer•Androgynous•Transgendered•Transexual
B. Gender
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• 5. Relational concept•Femininity and masculinity make
sense in relation•Meanings of gender are also
changed by:•Personal communication•Role models•Interactions with friends
• As meanings of one changes – so do meanings of the other
B. Gender
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• 1. Culture = structures, institutions, practices that reflect and uphold social order•Upheld by defining certain
groups, values, expectations, as good
C. Culture
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• 2. Surrounded by communication that announces social views of gender
• 3. Global variations•Mead (1968)•Hofstede http://www.clearlycultural.com/geert-hofstede-cultural-
dimensions/masculinity/
• 4. Western culture is patriarchal•Pre and Post Industrial Revolution•5. Ethnic variations
C. Culture
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• 1. Communication is dynamic•Continually changes, evolves•No beginnings or endings
D. Communication
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• 2. Communication is systemic•Culture has the largest impact
on how we communicate• 3. All aspects of communication
are interlinked•Influenced by how we feel•Time of day, etc. may be
influence
D. Communication
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• 4. Communication has two levels:•a. Content level of meaning
•Literal meaning•b. Relationship level of meaning
•Tell how to interpret content and how communicators see themselves in relationship
D. Communication
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• 5. Meanings created through interaction with symbols•Humans symbol-using
creatures•Have to think to figure out what
symbol means•Symbols can be ambiguous
•More than one meaning
D. Communication