Download - GEM Santosh
8/2/2019 GEM Santosh
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gem-santosh 1/14
Solid WasteManagement- Public participation
Santosh Sabyasachi08ME01024
8/2/2019 GEM Santosh
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gem-santosh 2/14
INTRODUCTION
Solid Waste: Solid Wastes are unwanted materials disposed of byman, which can neither flow into streams nor escape immediately into the
atmosphere. These non-gaseous and non-liquid residues result from various
human activities. These cause pollution in water, soil and air.
Solid Waste Management: The proper disposal of SW derived
from any source is dependent on management practices. A management
system must be developed and described that incorporates many diverse
factors. Those factors considered may include economics, engineering,
land use ordinances, environmental regulations, geography and sociology.
A Solid Waste Management (SWM) system that could optimize these
parameters would be designed based on figure below:
8/2/2019 GEM Santosh
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gem-santosh 3/14
INTRODUCTION(continued):
Community/Public participation is the
sociological process by which residents organise themselves
and become involved at the level of a living area or aneighbourhood, to improve the conditions of daily life (water,
sanitation, health, education, etc.). It comprises various
degrees of individual or collective involvement (financial
and/or physical contributions, social and/or political
commitment) at different stages of a project. Since it implies
that residents set up management committees in charge of
equipment.
8/2/2019 GEM Santosh
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gem-santosh 4/14
Why Public Participation:With Increase in the amount of Waste:
more litter and a dirtier town environment,
more street sweepers are necessary, more garbage collection trucks are necessary, larger garbage disposal sites are necessary, negative environmental impacts due to waste dumping grow more
serious, the cost for the environmental protection increases. an increase in the amount of solid waste management work, an increase in the solid waste management expense, and aggravated environmental problems
This makes it exceedingly difficult for a local authority to perform solidwaste management by itself.
8/2/2019 GEM Santosh
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gem-santosh 5/14
Benefits:Towards project:
Improvement of
project design andeffectiveness.
Enhancement of theimpact andsustainability of
projects. Improvement of
project efficiency.
Towards Community:
Building localcapacities andcapabilities.
Involvement indecision-making.
Empowerment.
8/2/2019 GEM Santosh
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gem-santosh 6/14
Public Participation Models: The Exclusionary Model: This model indicates that the
government or agency is the exclusive guardian of the people andany self-acclaimed representative of the public interest was anofficious meddler. Only competitors and other institutionalstakeholders were allowed to participate. This proved inappropriatefor risk-oriented decision-making. There may be some usefulness incases of rate hearings and public utility regulation.
The Confrontational Model: The Confrontational Model is
at the other end of the spectrum to the Exclusionary Model andresults from a stringent application of the Exclusionary Model. This isreally not a desirable model. It is not effective in addressing matters
of intense local interest but may be effective if activists can attractthe sympathy of a large number of other inactive members of public.It is a way of keeping certain topics or concerns on the publicagenda or getting agencies to revisit decisions already made.
8/2/2019 GEM Santosh
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gem-santosh 7/14
The Adversarial Model: The Adversarial Model represents
a situation where all interested groups have a right to participateby submitting facts, evidence, views and arguments. The agencyassumes the role of neutral decision-maker. Based on courtroomadjudication, parties who may be represented by counsel areusually allowed testimony through experts. This is dominated bylawyers and the settlement presumes winners and losers.
The Due Consideration Model: The Due Consideration
Model is similar to the adversarial model except that the agency takes
a position prior to the public hearing and invites the public to comment
on their decision as well as on the issues generally. It does not adopt theprocedural protection of the Adversarial Model and so is less
burdensome. The agency is only required to give due consideration of
outsiders and explain its chosen action.
8/2/2019 GEM Santosh
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gem-santosh 8/14
The Mediation Model: The Mediation Model requires that
representatives of groups meet together, often with the aid of a
mediator or facilitator, to present facts and arguments so as to reachan agreement on the ultimate result. The agency may participate in thediscussions and attempt to implement agreed solutions. Publicparticipation may be invited at this stage while Negotiators meet untilagreement is reached. This may be a useful approach in planningSWMPs as the relationship between government and residents is often
confrontational. The Advisory Committee Model: The Advisory Committee
Model is similar to Mediation Model except that it relies heavily onscientific and technological expertise. The Agency appoints acommittee of disinterested experts to advise on the technical issues andon a resolution. This model seems favoured by decision makers who are
not scientifically trained and who do not want to “take the heat”.Agency may lose control of the outcome but this may be reduced bychoosing experts for the 15 advisory committee whose views ontechnical issues will yield results that are in accordance with thedecision-maker’s policy preferences.
8/2/2019 GEM Santosh
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gem-santosh 9/14
Public Education:
Public education provides: An opportunity for community members to obtain
information about community’s solid waste managementprogram;
A way for community members to express opinions and for community decision-makers to take these opinions intoconsideration; and
A source of information regarding opportunities for
participation in the program.
8/2/2019 GEM Santosh
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gem-santosh 10/14
Designing an effective PublicEducation Program:
The main factors to consider in designing aneffective education program are:
Identifying goals and audiences.
Crafting a clear and useful message.
Choosing an outreach method.
Creating incentives and deterrents.
8/2/2019 GEM Santosh
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gem-santosh 11/14
Public Participation Plan:The following areas should be considered as part ofthe Public Participation Plan:
The target group should be clearly identified from a stakeholders’assessment.
The most appropriate techniques should be employed to disseminate
information on the project. These include the media, surveys, brochuresand pamphlets, public displays, workshops for review of initial assessmentdocuments, model demonstrations, community advocates, advisorycommittees, etc.
Special attention should be paid to the planning and execution of townmeetings.
The monitoring indicators should be agreed and the monitoring andassessment of outcomes should be based on these indicators which may
include: number of attendees; number of questions and number ofpersons asking questions; value of the questions and ideas; adequacy offeedback at the meetings; level of information sharing; level of two waycommunication; Level of consensus; and conflict resolution.
Specific efforts should be made to address poverty reduction throughSWMP interventions.
8/2/2019 GEM Santosh
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gem-santosh 12/14
The Social Analyst may make a qualitative assessment of theparticipation exercise but may want to attempt a quantitativeassessment based on assigning raw scores and weights to the indicators.It may be claimed that even the weights may be subjective.
An inventory of the issues to be addressed should be developed. Thefollow-up by the Project Promoters should be monitored by the socialanalyst who should keep track of the design changes required to addressthe issues. This will determine the extent of collaboration and
empowerment achieved.
The analyst may summarise the performance based on the extent towhich there was active listening by the project promoters based on anassessment at the meeting.
The analyst should make a report on the process which should be
available for reference during project implementation to assist in theaudit of the participation process.
Focus/target/community group discussions are key to publicparticipation
8/2/2019 GEM Santosh
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gem-santosh 13/14
Conclusion: An appropriate Public Participation Plan should assist
in reducing social risk and overall project risk. Thereare lessons that un-resolved issues may result in public
protest and threaten development projects. SWMPsare complex projects which must be discussed innational fora in order to formulate, prepare andimplement efficient and efficacious SWMPs. Thelessons of experience must be learned andappropriate tools used to determine the best designfor future SWM projects. For waste management
projects to have a continuing impact, communityparticipation is a precondition and this entailsinvolving the community at different stages anddegrees of intensity in the project cycle.