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Future Changes in Climate, Sea Level Future Changes in Climate, Sea Level and Hydrologyand Hydrology
Anthony J. BroccoliDepartment of Environmental Sciences
Rutgers [email protected]
Delaware River Basin CommissionWest Trenton, NJ
July 19, 2006
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Questions About Climate Change
• How has the climate changed in the past?• How is the climate expected to change in
the future?• How will climate change affect sea level
and hydrology?• How can we meet the challenges of
climate change?
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Questions About Climate Change
• How has the climate changed in the past?• How is the climate expected to change in
the future?• How will climate change affect sea level
and hydrology?• How can we meet the challenges of
climate change?
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Mann, Science (2002)
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Temperature IndicatorsTemperature Indicators
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Questions About Climate Change
• How has the climate changed in the past?• How is the climate expected to change in
the future?• How will climate change affect sea level
and hydrology?• How can we meet the challenges of
climate change?
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Coupled Climate Model Schematic
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Future Climate Forcing ScenariosFuture Climate Forcing Scenarios
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Annual mean temperature change(2071-2100) minus (1961-1990), °C
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Questions About Climate Change
• How has the climate changed in the past?• How is the climate expected to change in
the future?• How will climate change affect sea level
and hydrology?• How can we meet the challenges of
climate change?
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Why Will Sea Level Rise?
Thermal Expansion:
Warmer water is less dense than colder water.
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Why Will Sea Level Rise?
Melting Glaciers and Ice Caps:
Water released by the melting of ice on land adds to the volume of the oceans.
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Future Global Sea Level Projections
Different scenariosModel ranges
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Effects of Sea Level Rise on the Coastal Environment
from M. D. Beevers, Princeton University
Land area susceptible to inundation
Land area susceptible to coastal flooding
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Effects of Climate Change on Hydrology: Floods and Droughts?Cannonsville Reservoir, Dec. 2001
Delaware River, Sept. 2004
Easton-Phillipsburg BridgeJune 2006
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Global Warming and the Hydrologic Cycle
• The downward flux of radiative energy (i.e., sunlight and infrared radiation) at the surface is balanced by evaporation and sensible heating.
• If the downward flux of energy increases, then evaporation will increase.
• On a global basis, evaporation and precipitation must balance.
• Thus as the earth warms, both evaporation and precipitation will increase.
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-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Precipitation
Evaporation
Cumulative WaterBalance
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Precipitation
Evaporation
Cumulative WaterBalance
Present
Future(x1.2)
Hypothetical Weekly Water Balance
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Annual mean rainfall rate change(2071-2100) minus (1961-1990), mm/day
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Questions About Climate Change
• How has the climate changed in the past?• How is the climate expected to change in
the future?• How will climate change affect sea level
and hydrology?• How can we meet the challenges of
climate change?
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Global CO2 Emissions
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Future Climate ScenariosFuture Climate Scenarios
All scenarios showincreasing emissionsduring next severaldecades
Some scenarios showdecreased emissionsin latter half of 21st
century
Even with aggressivereductions in emissions,CO2 would rise to 2xpreindustrial levels
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Managing Climate Change
• Mitigation: Reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
• Adaptation: Increase the resilience of society to climate change.
• Knowledge: Develop a better understanding of the details of future climate change.
• Leadership: Raise public awareness of the challenges posed by climate change and the need to mitigate and adapt.
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©Craig Haveman
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Brook, E., 2005: Tiny bubbles tell all, Science, 310,
1285-1287.
Greenhouse gases are now higher than any time in the past 650,000 years.
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Fig. SPM-10b
IPCC TAR Synthesis Report
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Are Intense Hurricanes Becoming More Frequent?
Webster et al., Science, 16 September 2005
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Potential Climate Change ImpactsPotential Climate Change Impacts
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Climate Change and the Coastal Environment
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Storm Surge Raises Water Levels
Harvey Cedars, March 1962
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2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season
• 27 named tropical storms (all-time record)
• 15 hurricanes (all-time record)
• 7 major hurricanes
• 3 category-five hurricanes (Katrina, Rita, Wilma)
• Lowest barometric pressure ever measured in an Atlantic hurricane (Hurricane Wilma: 882 mb)
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Service, Robert, 2004, Science.