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Skin: Function & Interaction with other systems in the body
Antonia Tanzil Imelda Rosalyn Sianipar
Physiology Department Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia
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THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Integumentary System (inte = whole; -gument = body covering )
• Two major components: – Cutaneous membrane / skin – Accessory structure: hair, nails, & multicellular
exocrine glands
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SKIN (CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE)
• Largest organ of the body, both surface area & weight • In adults,
– covers an area of about 2m2 – weighs 4.5 – 5 kg (16% of total body weight)
• Has 2 components:
– Epidermis – Dermis
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EPIDERMIS
• Functions - As barrier that prevents water loss and entry of
chemicals & microorganism - protects against abrasion and UV light radiation - synthesis of vitamin D - gives rise to hair, nails and glands
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DERMIS
• Functions - Give structural strength and flexibility of
the skin - The epidermis exchanges gases,
nutrients, and waste products with blood vessels in the dermis
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ACCESSORY SKIN STRUCTURES
• 1. Hair and hair follicles • 2. Smooth muscle arrector pilli • 3. Cutaneous glands • 4. Nails
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General Function of The Integumentary System
Protection Excretion
and Absorption
Sensation Maintenance
of Body Temperature
Synthesis of Vitamin D3
Storage of lipids
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GENERAL FUNCTION A. Protection
Factors that play roll in this function: - keratin - lipids - oily sebum - acidic pH of perspiration - pigment melanin - epidermal Langerhans cells and macrophages in the
dermis
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GENERAL FUNCTION B. Excretion and Absorption - Sweat excretion - Absorption of water soluble substances, certain lipid soluble materials, certain drugs and gases
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GENERAL FUNCTION C. Sensation of touch, pressure, pain and
temperature stimuli
Variety of nerve endings and sensory receptors are distributed in the epidermis and dermis
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GENERAL FUNCTION
D. Maintenance of body temperature - Thermoreceptors - Sweat production and evaporation - Alterations in cutaneous blood flow conserve or release heat * Local control * Neural control (primary determining
factor)
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GENERAL FUNCTION Maintenance of body temperature
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GENERAL FUNCTION
E. Synthesis of vitamin D3 - Action of UV rays in sunlight to the
molecule in the skin. - The role of liver and kidneys to produce
the most active form of vitamin D3
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GENERAL FUNCTION
F. Storage of lipids – In adipocytes in the dermis and
adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer
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RELATIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM WITH OTHER SYSTEM IN THE BODY
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM • Synthesizes vitamin D3, essential for:
– Calcium & Phosphorus absorption (bone maintenance and growth)
– Calcium absorption (muscle contraction) – Skeletal system provides support for skin
• Contraction of skeletal muscles pull against skin of
face, producing facial expressions, important in comunication
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NERVOUS SYSTEM • Nerve endings in skin and subcutaneous tissue
provide input to the brain for touch, pressure, thermal and pain sensations
• Control blood flow and sweat glands activities for thermoregulation
• Stimulates contraction of arrector pili muscles to elevate hair
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Keratinocytes in skin help activate vitamin D to calcitriol, a hormone that aids absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus
• Sex hormones
– Stimulate sebaceous glands activities – Influence hair growth, distribution of subcutaneous fat,
and apocrine sweat glands activities • Adrenal hormone
– Alter dermal blood flow and help mobilize lipids from adipocytes
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• Local chemical changes in dermis cause widening and narrowing of skin blood vessels, which help adjust blood flow to the skin, prevents fluid loss, serves as blood reservoir
• Provides oxygen and nutrients to skin; delivers hormones and cells of immune system
• Carries away carbon dioxide, waste products and toxins from skin
• Provides heat to maintain normal skin temperature
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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM & IMMUNITY
• Discourage penetration and growth of microbes:
– Provide mechanical barriers – Langerhans cells in epidermis : recognizing &
processing foreign antigens – Macrophages in the dermis : phagocytize
microbes that penetrate the skin surface – Mast cells trigger inflammation and initiate the
immune response • Defending the integument by providing additional
macrophages and mobilizing lymphocytes
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Hairs in nose filter dust particles from inhaled air • Stimulation of pain nerve endings in skin may
alter breathing rate • Provide oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide via
gas exchange with blood
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Helps activate vitamin D to the hormone
calcitriol, which promotes absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine
• Provides needed nutrients to the skin, and
lipids for storage by adipocytes
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URINARY SYSTEM
• Assists in excretion of water and solutes • Keratinized epidermis limits fluid loss through
skin • Excretes waste products of skin metabolism
• Activates vit.D precursor made by keratinocytes
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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Nerve endings in skin and subcutaneous tissue respond to erotic stimuli à contributing to sexual pleasure
• Mammary glands (modified sweat glands) produce milk • Suckling of a baby stimulates nerve endings in skin à
leading to milk ejection • Skin stretches during pregnancy as fetus enlarges
• Sex hormones affect hair distribution, adipose tissue distribution in subcutaneous layer, and mammary gland development
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Effects of Aging on The Integumentary System
• The skin becomes thinner and very pale
• The integument becomes weaker and less resilient, and sagging and wrinkling occur
• The skin becomes dry and often scaly
• How does this conditions occurs
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Effects of Aging on The Integumentary System
• The skin becomes cool
• The hairs are gray or white
• Prolonged skin wound-healing
• How does this conditions occurs
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References
• Marieb EN. Essentials of human anatomy and Physiology. 9th ed;Pearson:2009.
• Martini FH. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology. 7th ed; Pearson:2006
• Tortora GJ. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 11th ed; John Wiley: 2006
• Tate P. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology;McGrawHill. 2009
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THANK YOU
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Synthesis of vitamin D3 UV radiation
Epidermal cells
7-dehydrocholesterol Cholecalciferol/vitamin D3
liver
intermediary products
kidneys hormone calcitriol
Absorption of calcium & phosphorus by the small intestine
Bone maintenance & growth
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SYNTHESIS OF VITAMIN D
• UV LIGHTà MOLECULE IN THE SKIN • (7-DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL) IS CONVERTED • àVIT.D PRECURSOR MOL.
(CHOLECALCIFEROL)à BY THE BLOOD à • LIVERà MODIFIED à TO THE KIDNEY à
• MODIFIED TO FORM ACTIVE VITAMIN D (CALCITRIOL) à STIMULATE CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE UPTAKE IN THE INTESTINE
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EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Most changes occur in the dermis • Collagen fibers begin to ↓ in number, stiffen,
break apart and disorganize à shapeless • Elastic fibers lose some of their elasticity • Fibroblast (produce collagen and elastic fibers) à ↓ in number à skin forms wrinkles
• Langerhans cells ↓, macrophages à less –efficient phagocytes à skin immune responsiveness ↓
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EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Size of sebaceous glands↓à dry and broken skin, more susceptible to infection
• Production of sweat diminishes à ↑incidence to heat stroke
• Number of functioning melanocytes↓à gray hair and atypical skin pigmentation.
• Size of some melanocytes↑ à pigmented blotching (age spots)
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EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Walls of blood vessels in the dermis become thicker and less permeable, subcutaneous adipose tissue is lost.
• Aged skin is thinner than young skin, migration of cells from the basal layer to the epidermal surface slows considerably.
• Skin heals poorly and becomes more susceptible to pathological conditions: skin cancer and pressure sores
• Growth of nails and hair slows, nailsà brittle due to dehydration
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SKIN COLOR
• Melanin: responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.
• Most melanin molecules : brown to black pigments, some are yellowish or reddish.
• Melanin : protection against UV light • Melanin >> :freckles, moles, nipples, areolae of
the breast, axillae and genitalia • Melanin <<: lips, palms of the hands, soles of
the feet
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SKIN COLOR
• Melanin production is determined by genetic factors,exposure to light and hormones
• Skin colors are not determined by the number of melanocytes
• Exposure to UV light darkens melanin and stimulates melanin productionà additional protection
• During pregnancy à estrogen and melanocyte stimulating hormon à ↑ melanin production in the mother
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GLANDS IN THE SKIN
• Skin à 2 types of exocrine glands: • Sebaceous glands and sweat glands
• Sebaceous (oil) glandsà oily lipid secretion àsebumà inhibits bacteria growth, lubricates and protects the keratin of the hair shaft and conditions the surrounding skin.
• Sebaceous follicles ( not associated with hair follicles) discharge sebum directly onto the epidermis: on the face, back, chest, nipples and external genitalia
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GLANDS IN THE SKIN
• Sweat glands/ sudoriferous glands: apocrine sweat glands and merocrine sweat glands.
• Apocrine sweat gland • - Armpits; around the nipples and pubic region à hair foll • - Secretion: sticky, cloudy and odorous • - Secreting at puberty à nutrient source for bacteria • - Controlled by nervous system and circulating hormones
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GLANDS IN THE SKIN
• Merocrine (Eccrine) sweat glands • - More numerous than apocrine s.g (adult : 2-5 million) à palms and soles >> • - Sweat produced = sensible perspiration • - 99% water + electrolites (NaCl), organic nutrients, peptide (AB properties), waste products. • - pH 4.0 -6.8
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GLANDS IN THE SKIN
• Functions of merocrine sweat glands • - Cooling the surface of the skin • - Regulated by neural and hormonal • - Excreting water and electrolytes (+ ingested drugs) • - protection from Environmental Hazards
* Dilution harmful chemicals; inhibition growth of microorganisms by flushing and action of dermicidin
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GLANDS IN THE SKIN
• Specialized glands • Mammary glands
- Anatomically related to apocrine glands - Controlled by interaction between sex hormones and pituitary hormones
• Ceruminous glands - modified sweat glands in the passageway of external ear - secretions + sebaceous glands à cerumen