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Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology,Sixth Edition
Chapter 15 Lecture PPT
Prepared by Gina Mollet, Adams State College
Bryan Kolb & Ian Q. Whishaw’s
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Cha
pter
16
The Frontal Lobes
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Portrait: Losing Frontal-Lobe Functions
• E.L. – Highly organized college professor– Became disorganized, showed little emotion,
and began to miss deadlines– Scores on intelligence and memory tests were
superior– Showed impairment on frontal lobe tests
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Anatomy of the Frontal Lobes
• Constitute 20% of the neocortex
• Subdivisions– Motor: Area 4– Premotor: Areas 6 and 8
• Can be divided into: – Lateral area 6: Premotor cortex– Medial area 6: Supplementary motor cortex– Area 8: Frontal eye field– Area 8A: Supplementary eye field
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Anatomy of the Frontal Lobes
• Prefrontal Cortex– Area of the frontal lobe that receives input
from the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus– Divisions
• Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex• Inferior Frontal Cortex
– Also called Orbitofrontal cortex
• Medial Frontal Cortex– Sometimes considered part of the cingulate
• Many areas of the frontal lobe are multimodal
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Connections of the Motor and Premotor Areas
• Motor Cortex– Projects to spinal motor neurons, cranial
nerves that control the face– Projects to the basal ganglia and the red
nucleus
• Premotor – Projections to the spinal cord– Projections to the motor cortex
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Connections of the Motor and Premotor Areas
• Premotor– Receives projections from parietal areas PE
and PF– Receives projections from dorsolateral
prefrontal area
• Eye fields– Receive from PG and the superior colliculus
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Connections of the Prefrontal Areas
• End of dorsal and ventral streams of visual input
• Dorsolateral Prefrontal Area– Reciprocal connections with the posterior
parietal and STS– Extensive connections with the cingulate
cortex, basal ganglia, and superior colliculus– Receives input from dopaminergic cells in
tegmentum
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Connections of the Prefrontal Areas
• Orbital Frontal Cortex– Receives from the temporal lobe, amygdala,
gustatory cortex, somatosensory cortex, olfactory cortex, dopaminergic cells in tegmentum
– Projects to hypothalamus and amygdala
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A Theory of Frontal-Lobe Function
• Planning and selection
• Persistence and ignoring distracting stimuli
• Memory for what you have already done
• Executive Functions
• Responds to both internal, external, and context cues
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Functions of the Premotor Cortex
• Selects movements to be executed
• Functions to choose behavior in response to external cues
• An increase in activity in the premotor cortex is seen when cues become associated with movement
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Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex
• Controls cognitive processes so that appropriate movements are selected at the correct time
• Internal Cues– Temporal memory: Memory for what has just
happened
• External Cues– Feedback about rewarding properties of stimuli– Orbital Frontal Cortex - Learning by association
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Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex
• Context Cues– Orbital Frontal - Social Interactions
• Autonoetic Awareness– Self knowledge– Binding together the awareness of oneself as
continuous through time
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Asymmetry of the Frontal Lobes
• Left – Language– Encoding memories
• Right – Nonverbal movements, facial expression– Retrieving memories
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Heterogeneity of Frontal-Lobe Function
• Frontal lobes perform a variety of functions
• Frontal damage is unlikely to produce impairment to all functions
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Snapshot: Heterogeneity of Function in the Orbitofrontal Cortex• Stephen Frey and Michael Petrides
– Examined functions of the orbital region using PET
– Increased activity in area 13 to unpleasant auditory stimuli
– Increased activity in area 11 when learning new visual information
– Functional dissociation between the two areas• Area 13: Responds to affective qualities• Area 11: Processes new visual information
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Symptoms of Frontal Lobe Lesions
• Disturbances of Motor Function– Loss of fine movements, speed, and strength
• Typically appears after damage to the primary motor cortex
– Loss of movement programming• Damage to the premotor or dorsolateral cortex
– Changes in voluntary gaze• Damage to the frontal eye fields
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Symptoms of Frontal Lobe Lesions
• Disturbances of Motor Function– Corollary discharge or reafference
• Internal neural signal that movement will occur• Frontal lobe damage disrupts corollary discharge
– Speech Problems• Damage to Broca’s area
– Agrammatism
• Damage to the supplementary motor cortex– Mute
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Symptoms of Frontal Lobe Lesions
• Convergent vs. Divergent Thinking– Convergent thinking: Only one answer to the question– Divergent thinking: Questions that ask for a variety of
responses– Frontal lobe patients are impaired on divergent
thinking
• Loss of behavioral spontaneity– Decreased verbal fluency– Decreased design fluency – Reduction in general behaviors
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Symptoms of Frontal Lobe Lesions
• Increased perseveration
• Inability to form a strategy– Larger deficit when completing novel tasks
• Loss of response inhibition– The Wisconsin Card Sorting Task– The Stroop Test
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The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
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The Stroop Test
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Symptoms of Frontal Lobe Lesions
• Take more risks– Iowa Gambling Task– Appears after damage to
the orbitofrontal cortex
• Deficits in self-regulation
• Loss of associative learning– Inability to select from
competing responses
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Testing Associative Learning
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Symptoms of Frontal Lobe Lesions
• Poor Temporal Memory– Five animal experiments indicate a role for the
frontal lobe in temporal memory– Area 46
• Role in providing an internal representation of spatial information
• Active during delayed response test
– Medial regions• Role in object recognition
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Experiments Showing Deficits of Temporal Memory
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Symptoms of Frontal Lobe Lesions
• Poor Temporal Memory– Studying Temporal Memory in Humans
• Recency memory– Tests memory for the order in which things have
occurred– Frontal lobe patients show impairment on this task
– Recent Findings on Temporal Memory• Critical role for the prefrontal cortex• Fuster and colleagues
– Single cell recording of sensory associations across time
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Symptoms of Frontal Lobe Lesions
• Impaired social and sexual behavior– Example: Phineas Gage
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Symptoms of Frontal Lobe Lesions
• Impaired social and sexual behavior– Changes in personality
• Pseudodepression– Appears after lesions of the left frontal lobe– Outward apathy, indifference, loss of initiative– Reduced sexual interest, Little or no verbal output
• Pseudopsychopathy– Appears after lesions of the right frontal lobe– Immature behavior, lack of tact and restraint– Promiscuous sexual behavior– Coarse language, lack of social graces, increased motor
activity
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Symptoms of Frontal Lobe Lesions
• Impaired social and sexual behavior– Deficits in Social and sexual behavior
• Orbitofrontal lesions– Reduce inhibitions and may introduce abnormal sexual
behavior– Leads to deficits in identifying facial expressions
• Dorsolateral lesions– Reduce interest in sexual behavior
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Symptoms of Frontal Lobe Lesions
• Spatial Deficits? – May be a role for the frontal lobe in selecting
visual locations
• Symptoms Associated with Damage to the Frontal Facial Area– Sensory and motor functions of the face are
preserved after damage– Left: Loss of verbal fluency– Right: Loss of design fluency
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Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment of Frontal Lobe Damage
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Imaging Frontal Lobe Function
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Diseases Affecting the Frontal Lobe
• Schizophrenia– Abnormality in the mesocortical dopaminergic
projection– Decrease in blood flow to the frontal lobes, and frontal
lobe atrophy
• Parkinson’s Disease– Loss of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra that
project to the prefrontal cortex
• Korsakoff’s – Alcohol-induced damage to the dorsomedial thalamus
and a deficiency in frontal lobe catecholamines