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Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident
Dr. Beth A. Middleton U.S. Geological Survey, National Wetlands Research Center, LA
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Deepwater Horizon Drilling Rig Drilling 1500 m below surface
Fire, April 20, 2010 Plugged, September 20
Hydrologic remediation effort begun…
Wikipedia, 2010 Wikipedia, 2010
Are there any lessons for restoration?
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Mississippi River – 2010 water release to Jean Lafitte NHP&P (PT-ECP; CRMS)
1 2 3 km N
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May 2010 sign test p<0.0001 water level > salinity level <
Davis Pond Release Jean Lafitte NHP&P
*normal operation=Sep 2010
ns
-
+
+
- +
water salinity
Davis Pond CRMS 0188 CRMS 0234
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Deepwater Horizon Incident: natural experiment LA coast sinking. Vegetation response to 6x water?
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Are swamps resilient after water/salinity changes? elevation, production, decomposition
SET - Sediment Elevation Table
Roberts/Middleton NSF RAPID DEB-1049838
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Jean Lafitte NP
Big Thicket NP St Marks NWR
Roberts/Middleton NSF RAPID DEB-1049838
NABSCN sites NABSCN-RAPID
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Annual Production
dendrometer tree growth
root ingrowth
leaf litter
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2010 = good year for trees? Middleton/Johnson/Roberts – in review
root production↑ litter production↑
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baldcypress: higher growth in lower salinity
North American Baldcypress Swamp Network
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Regime shift: elevation increase with remediation?
before remediation
after remediation
piecewise linear regression F = 30.1, p < 0.0001
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Model SS df F p
X11 2578.6 1 45.6 <0.0001
X22 699.5 1 12.6 0.0005
X33 716.6 1 12.9 0.0004
Error 5012.5 12 30.2 <0.0001
Elevation change at SETs, 2007-10 vs. 2011, Jean Lafitte NHP&P Piecewise regression model output using second order polynomials. Linear regression model lack of fit: SS = 6082.3, F = 17.5, p < 0.0001.
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LA 2011: less decomposition at >10 cm depth after remediation
LA 2011: > wood decomposition faster after remediation
Decomposition and hydrologic remediation
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Resilience hypothesis: coastal building with more freshwater? *production ? *decomposition ? *elevation ?
Lessons – freshwater remediation increases -above ground production -elevation
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Hydrologic remediation – good for coasts? dying Texas wetland trees: high salinity, water abstraction
fresh water release?
Dying trees atypical needle drop resprouting needles peeling bark dead tree 2012 Texas survey
dead tree survey, drought, 2012 > 20 m tall: 7.7% ~ 10-20 m tall: 50.0% < 10 m tall: 81.3%
Texas tidal freshwater swamp (high salinity: 4–6 ppt)
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Deepwater Horizon Drilling Rig Drilling 1500 m below surface
Fire, April 20, 2010 Plugged, September 20
Lesson: freshwater remediation reduces coastal salinity
Wikipedia, 2010 Wikipedia, 2010
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Justin Stelly
Guodong Wang
Thanks: USGS, National Science Foundation DEB1049838 RAPID, ESA Seeds, Japanese/Korean/Turkish/Chinese Academies of Science
Lei Ting
Serge Farinas
Mel McCollough
Inyoung Jang
Matt Ripley
Onur Turker
Sam Primer
Evelyn Anemaet.
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Swamp Resilience & Hydrologic Remediation -decomposition/production/denitrification higher in low salinity -balance of processes related to elevation -can higher production offset losses?
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absolute elevation Trimble RTK unit
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tree stress & water release: remote sensing photosynthesis
DOI & State Land Owners Cypress Creek NWR & IDNR IL Reelfoot Lake & Lake Isom NWR TN White River NWR AR Morgan Brake & Hillside NWR MS Tensas NWR LA Cat Island NWR LA Big Thicket NHP&P TX Jean Lafitte NHP&P LA St Marks NWR Big Bend/Aucilla WMA FL
Importance to coastal management...
AVIRIS
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Abnormal drought in 2012? Restoration -genetics of live vs. dying cypress – Tachida/Middleton Strategic water release to combat rising coastal salinity, water abstraction?
Lake Bayou, Texas
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Freshwater from Mississippi diversion pushed oil offshore. Downstream wetlands had lower salinity. Hydrologic remediation useful for wetland management.
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Future coastal sea level rise & drought – salinity increase *freshwater wetland may shift to brackish and salt marshes
pore water salinity
elevation
IPCC 2012
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Thanks U.S. Geological Survey National Science Foundation