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Foundations of Modern Geology
Two schools of thought: Neptunists
Abraham Gottlob Werner Universal ocean
Plutonists James Hutton Endless cycle of formation
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Foundations of Modern Geology Principle of Uniformitarianism
Charles Lyle
Actualism1. Geologic processes observed today
occurred in the past2. Some past geologic processes no longer
occur3. The rate and intensity of geologic
processes may vary through geologic time
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Geologic Time
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Birth of a Solar System
Solar nebula model
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Birth of a Solar System
Planetesimal hypothesis
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Birth of a Solar System
Condensation Sequence
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Rocky Planets & Gas Planets Rocky
Mercury Venus Earth Mars
Gas Jupiter Saturn Neptune Uranus
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Rocky & Gas Planets
Figure 2-8
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Other Celestial Bodies
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Dating the Solar System
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Dating the Solar System
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Chapter 3
14
Interior of the Earth – Seismology Meteorites
Composition & age Density
Seismic Waves
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Chapter 3
15
Seismic Waves
Surface waves Travel slowly along Earth’s surface
Body waves Travel at higher speeds through Earth’s
interior
Body waves
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Chapter 3
16
Seismic Waves
Body Waves P-waves (primary)
All three states: solid, liquid, & gas
S-waves (secondary) Only solids
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Chapter 317
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Chapter 318
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Models of Earth’s Formation
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Sources of Earth’s Water
Cosmic gases Comets Meteorites
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Wet Magma Ocean Hypothesis