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Fossil Evidence of Evolution
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Biblical Reference
From one man he made all the nations, that they should inhabit the whole earth; and he marked out their appointed times in history and the boundaries of their lands.
Acts 17:26
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Fossils• Remains or traces of past life forms
• Most common in sedimentary rocks and in some accumulations of ash
• Extremely useful for determining relative ages of strata, but geologists also use them to determine environments of deposition
• Provide some evidence for organic evolution
• The word, fossil, comes from the Latin word, fossilis, which means “to obtain by digging”
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The Fossil Record• Record of ancient life preserved as fossils
in rocks
– Repository of prehistoric organisms that provides our only knowledge of such extinct animals as trilobites and dinosaurs
– Demonstrates how species have evolved over time
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The Fossil Record• The fossil record is made up of all the
fossils ever discovered on Earth.
• The fossil record provides evidence that species have changed over time.
• Based on fossil evidence, scientists can recreate the physical appearance of species that are no longer alive on Earth.
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Fossil Formation• After an animal dies, any soft tissues
animals do not eat break down.
• Only the dead animal’s hard parts, such as bones, shells, and teeth, remain.
• Under rare conditions, these parts become fossils.
• Fossils form via two methods:– Mineralization– Carbonization
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Fossil Formation
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Original Preservation• Remains are considered Unaltered if:
– They retain their original composition and structure by freezing or mummification (usually in amber or tar)
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Altered Hard Parts• Soft parts of remains
decay while hard parts (shells, bones, etc.) become fossils.
• May become altered by:– Mineral Replacement
• Usually from Groundwater or Volcanic Ash
– Recrystalization• Due to Changes in
Pressure and Temperature over Time
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Altered Hard Parts
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Molds and Casts• Molds form
– when buried remains dissolve and leave a cavity
• Casts form – if minerals or sediments fill in the cavity
a)Shell is buried.
b)Shell dissolves, leaving a cavity (Mold).
c)Cavity fills with sediment, creating a Cast.
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Cast of a Turtle
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Trilobite Mold and Cast
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Trace Fossils• Indications of organic activity including
tracks, trails, burrows, and nests • A coprolite is a type of trace fossil
consisting of fossilized feces that may provide information about the size and diet of the animal that produced it
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Determining a Fossil’s Age• Instead of dating fossils directly, scientists
date the rocks the fossils are embedded inside.
• In relative-age dating, scientists determine the relative order in which rock layers were deposited.
• Relative-age dating helps scientists determine the relative order in which species have appeared on Earth over time.
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Absolute Age Dating• Scientists take advantage of radioactive
decay, a natural clocklike process in rocks, to learn a rock’s absolute age, or its age in years.
• To measure the age of sedimentary rock layers, scientists calculate the ages of igneous layers above and below them.
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Absolute Age Dating• If the age of the
igneous layers is known, it is possible to estimate the age of the sedimentary layers - and the fossils they contain - between them.
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Relative vs. Absolute Age• Relative Time: This rock is older than that
one.
• Absolute Time: This rock is 542 Million Years Old.
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The Geologic Time Scale• The geologic time scale is a chart that
divides Earth’s history into four different eons - the longest time units in the geologic time scale.– Hadean Eon– Archaen Eon– Proterozoic Eon– Phanerozoic Eon
• 4.6 Billion years of Earth’s History has been reconstructed.
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The Geologic Time Scale
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Dividing Time• 19th Century:
– Geologist began to organize a geologic column
– Ordered succession of known strata– Because they did not have absolute age
dating techniques yet, scientists create time boundaries based upon fossils or other evidence of relative age
• Often a type of fossil disappeared from the rock record after a few layers.– These were called index fossils.
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Index Fossils• Fossils that are easily recognized and
widely distributed geographically
• Represent species that lived for relatively short periods of time
• Geologists can date a particular rock layer based on their presence.
• Trilobites are very common Index Fossils.
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Extinctions• Extinction occurs when the last individual
organism of a species dies.• A mass extinction occurs when many
species become extinct within a few million years or less.
• Extinctions can occur when environments change.
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Mass Extinctions• The fossil record contains evidence that
five mass extinction events have occurred during the Phanerozoic eon.
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Evolution• The fossil record contains evidence of the
appearance of many new species over time.
• Biological evolution is the change over time in populations of related organisms.
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Evolution in Horses• The fossil record is
evidence that horses descended from organisms for which only fossils exist today.
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Which refers to a chart that divides Earth’s history into different time units?
Pop Quiz
A. fossil recordB. geologic time scaleC. relative-age datingD. trace fossil
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Which is the preserved evidence of the activity of an organism?
Pop Quiz
A. castB. fossil recordC. mold D. trace fossil
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Which refers to the impression of an organism in a rock?
Pop Quiz
A. cast B. fossil C. moldD. trace fossil