HAMBRE Y MALNUTRICIÓN EN AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE
Datos de hambre
Food as a Commodity, Human Right or Common Good? Implications for Hunger Eradication
JOSE LUIS VIVERO POL PhD Candidate in Food Governance
Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
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PRIMUM VIVERE DEINDE PHILOSOPHARE
#4. The 5th dimension: FOOD AS A COMMONS
#2. 3 APPROACHES, 5 DIMENSIONS to Food
#1. The FAILURE of the Global Food System
#3. The RIGHT TO FOOD is progressing
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AIR
WATER
FOOD
SUNLIGHT
OUR HOME
1 000
919
898
867 868
65
60
54
50 49
40
50
60
70
80
800
900
1 000
1990-1992 1999-2001 2004-2006 2007-2009 2010-2012
Mundo (Eje izquierdo) América Latina y el Caribe (Eje derecho)
Millions
Fuente: FAO.
Evolution of Hunger figures in the world and in LAC between 1990-1992 y 2010-2012.
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2.3 BILLION MALNOURISHED PEOPLE – WE EAT BADLY
3.1 million children die of hunger-related diseases2.8 million people die of overweight-related diseases
868 MILLION HUNGRY
HUNGER DAMAGES THE BRAIN
Malnourished child brain
Well nourished child brain
8
STU
NTIN
G d
uri
ng
fir
st
thre
e y
ears
is
IRR
EV
ER
SIB
LE
Well-nourished child
neurone
Malnourished Child
Neurone
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165 million stunted children
19 million severely wasted children
Hunger is largest contributor (45%) to child mortality
1.4 BILLION OVERWEIGHT300 MILLION OBESE
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WASTED FOOD (33%) 1.3 billion tonnes (to feed 600 million hungry people)
The food industry is the 2nd biggest: A BIG CAKE (10% GDP & 5 trillion USD in 2009)
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Planetary Boundaries
Climate Change
Oil Peak
Radical changeUK GovIAASTD
Business as usualIncrease productivityImprove access
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK Food dimensions
Approaches to food systems
Food dimensions
Commodity
Human Right
Commons
Human Need
Culture
Food as a commons
The Globalised
Industrial Food
System
a. Post-industrial
Food Civic
Actions
b. Customary
Food Civic
Actions
Food as a commodity
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“FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY exists when…” Technocrats, technicians, official statements, consensus
Twin track approach (production & acces to food)No questioning food is a commodity:
ACCESS IS THE MAIN ISSUE
OFICIAL DEFINITION
World Food Summits
1996 & 2002Foto: FAO
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THE RIGHT TO FOOD is a right (duties and entitlements). States must respect, protect & fulfill
As a legal approach, it does not question the proprietary rights, specially the private property right (a sacred pillar of capitalism).
ICESCR is a
binding agreement for 156 states
Justiciable
Foto: Jorge Salamanca
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Food Security Laws in LAC
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Latin America is at the forefrontof the Right to Food in the world
• 17 countries have laws or drafts in Parliaments• 7 countries have Food Security Laws + México DF• Active and demanding Civil Society • Human Rights Procuradurias producing national
reports (Guatemala, El Salvador, Colombia)• Constitutional amendments: Ecuador (2009),
Brasil (2010), México (2012). El Salvador & Colombia are coming
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What is FOOD SOVEREIGNTY?
#2. WORK IN PROGRESS, weak academic/UN support
#4. Alternative to the industrial oil-dependant
food system
#1. RECENT CONCEPT (1996) quickly evolving, formulated by Vía Campesina
#3. Common paradigm of CIVIL SOCIETY CIVIL & some STATES
Bolivia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Rep Dom
Foto: Alessandra Ferrandes
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EVOLUTIONFrom an anti-establishment and combative position to a viable alternative to tackle current flaws of the post-industrial food system, plus hunger, climate change and energy
IDEOLOGICAL & propositive: the ONLY option B
Foto
: Ian
Macken
zie
Foto
: FAO
Producers and
Consumers shall regain control of the national food systems. Producing and comsuming food is a cultural issue
No to TNC control over
our food (Henry
Kissinger)
Foto: Jose Luis Vivero
Foto: Dedalus1947
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Food is not a COMMODITY such as screws (ergo OUT of
WTO)
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Private & Common Goods: Rivalry & Excludability
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De-constructing Food-related Elements: everything is commons but cultivated food and copyrighted patents
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1. Cultivated Food is a
private good
Completly produced by
private means: private
landholdings, copyrighted
seeds and agro-chemicals,
machineries
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2. Traditional agricultural knowledge
Foto
s: Jo
se L
uis
V
ivero
28
3. Science-based agricultural
knowledge by national institutions
Public copyrightsUniversities
National Research
Institutions
Foto: Argonne National Laboratory
29
4. Cuisine, recipes & national
gastronomy
Foto
: Carla
B
qn
eko
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5. Edible wild plants and animals
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6. Genetic Resources for
Food and Agriculture
Seeds are commons
Patents prevent innovation
(Benkler, 2006)
Fashion world and top cuisine are
rather innovative without patenting
systems
ITPGRFA made seeds a global common good
Fo
to: E
dd
.ie
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7. Food safety considerations (Codex
Alimentarius)
Foto
: Lia
nn
e
Mil
ton
Foto
: Maria
no
Bon
ora
33
8. Good nutrition & public health
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9. Extreme food price fluctuations
Foto: Megan Morgavan
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What if food is
considered a commons…
Banning futures trade speculation
Controlling land grabbing, land
evictions
Binding Food Treaties
Legislating collective rights
Avoiding biopiracy, patenting of life
forms,
Minimising copyrighted agriculture
Combating oligopolies of agri-food chains
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Tri-centric Governance of Food SystemsCIVIC COLLECTIVE ACTIONS
GOVERNMENTAL
REGULATIONS
PRIVATE SEC
TOR
MAR
KET RU
LES
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DE-COMMODIFICATION & RE-COMMONIFICATION OF FOOD
Foto
: Jose L
uis
V
ivero
The way we approach food will determine the way we´ll shape our future food system.
Fuente FAO: http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/es/1. La Agricultura en un contexto global
Food is a human right and a commons!
And I thank you for your time and interest
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I am more than happy to exchange with anyone interested in hunger
eradication & food as a commons
Any comment is welcomed
@joselviveropol
joseluisviveropol
http://hambreyderechoshumanos.blogspot.com
http://hungerpolitics.wordpress.com
Jose Luis Vivero Pol