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FISOLOGA DE LA DIGESTION ENRUMIANTES
Dr. Nelson Duchi D., PhD.
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Basic Functional Anatomyof the Digestive System
Ruminants
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Digestive TractBeef Cattle
Esophagus
Rumen
Omasum
Reticulum
Abomasum
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Cecum
Small intestine
Largeintestine
Rectum
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Organs of the Digestive SystemRuminants
Mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, small
intestine, and large intestine have functions similar
to monogastrics.
Stomach
Structure and function of the stomach is the major
difference between monogastrics and ruminants.
Multi-compartmented stomachrumen, reticulum,
omasum, abomasum.
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Parts of the Ruminant Stomach
Reticulum:
Contains microorganisms (like the rumen).
Provides additional area for fermentation.
As fermentation by microorganisms proceed and
feedstuffs are digested, smaller and more dense material is
pushed into the reticulum (from which it along with
microbe-laden liquid is ejected into the omasum).
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Parts of the Ruminant Stomach
Reticulum (continued):
Lining has a honeycomb structure.
Catches and holds hardware
consumed by animal.
Hardware can be removed with rumen
magnate.
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Reticulum - full
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Reticulum - cleaned
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Parts of the Ruminant Stomach
Rumen:
Large, anaerobic fermentation vat.
Rumen Capacity
Species Normal capacity Maximum capacity
Cow (1000 lb) 25-30 gallons 55-60 gallons
Ewe (150 lb) 3-5 gallons 5-10 gallons
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Parts of the Ruminant Stomach
Rumen (continued):
Houses microorganisms.
Protozoa100,000 per gram of rumen fluid.
Bacteria/fungi100 million per gram of rumen fluid.
Functions of microorganisms.
Digest roughages to make Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs), make
microbial protein, and make vitamins K and B-complex.
VFAs absorbed in rumen.
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Parts of the Ruminant Stomach
Rumen (continued):
Lined with millions of
papillae (short projections
on wall of rumen) needed
for absorption.
Shag carpet appearance
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Papillae in Rumen
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Papillae in Rumen
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Parts of the Ruminant Stomach
Taken from Digestive Physiology of Herbivoreshttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/
Rumen (continued):
Rumen saturated withgases and in constantmotion.
Contractions occur at arate of 1-3 per minute.
Serve to mix contents, aid ineructation of gases, andmove fluid and fermented
feedstuffs into the omasum.
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Parts of the Ruminant Stomach
Rumination:Ruminants are well known for cud chewing.
Rumination involves:
Bolus of previously eaten foodstuff carried back into the mouth by
reverse peristalsis.
Fluid in bolus is squeezed out with the tongue and reswallowed.
Bolus is rechewed and reswallowed.
Rumination may occupy about 1/3 ofa ruminants day
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Parts of the Ruminant Stomach
Eructation (belching):Fermentation of foodstuffs in the rumen generates
enormous quantities of gas.
30-50 liters per hour in adult cattle.
5-7 liters per hour in adult sheep or goats.
Belching is how ruminants get rid of fermentation gases:
Anything that causes a hindrance to belching can be life
threatening.Bloating can result in death from asphyxiation.
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Parts of the Ruminant Stomach
Omasum:A heavy, hard organ with a lining
that has many folds (leaves).
Function not well understood.
Believed to produce a grinding
action on foodstuffs.
May absorb residual VFAs and
bicarbonate.
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Omasum - full
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Parts of the Ruminant Stomach
Abomasum:The true, glandular stomach.
Secretes acids and functions very
similarly to monogastric stomach.
Unique feature is that it secretes
lysozyme.
Enzyme that efficiently breaks down
bacterial cell walls.
Needed to break down the large
quantities of bacteria that pass from the
rumen.
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Abomasuminside view
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Small Intestine - where most of the food material
is absorbed into the bloodstream
Contains three sections:
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
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The food material is continually squeezed as
it is moved through the small intestine,
becoming more solid.
The majority of the food material absorptionoccurs in the duodenum and the jejunum.
Parts of the Ruminant Stomach
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FUNCIONES GASTROINTESTINALES
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Large Intestine - begins to prepare unused food
material for removal from the body
a portion of the large intestine in someanimals contain pouches that may contain
enzymes for further species-specific digestion
(horses and rabbits (cecum)).
Parts of the Ruminant Stomach
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Colon- collects the unused food material that is to
be removed from the body
Rectum- poop chute
Anus- opening through which the waste isremoved.
Controlled by sphincter muscles, that also help
protect the opening.
Parts of the Ruminant Stomach
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