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FirefighterFirefighterGeo-Location DevicesGeo-Location Devices
Wayne C. Haase, Ph.D.
Summit Safety, Inc.
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Why Geo-Location?Why Geo-Location?
Tactical– Management of Resources– Accountability
Rescue
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RequirementsRequirements
Rescue RITPath from current location to victim.
Medium
150 ft
High
2-4 in
Tactical ICCoordinates (location on grid) from outside.
Large
500+ ft
Medium
5-15 ft
Use Who Information Range Accuracy
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General RequirementsGeneral Requirements Work 100% of the time Work in 100% of buildings/structures Work through smoke, steam, fire Work at high temperatures Easy to use: KISS Reasonable cost Small, lightweight
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GPS: Answer to all requirements?GPS: Answer to all requirements? Accuracy: 10-15 feet, outside, clear sky Differential GPS won’t work in building Won’t work past 1 layer into building Lower frequency for better RF penetration
– Larger wavelength– Reduced accuracy
Radio waves do not penetrate metals– Distance includes path around metals– Reduced accuracy
Radio waves travel at speed of light– Slower in dielectrics (walls, building’s contents)– Reduced accuracy
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TechnologiesTechnologies
OpticalRadioSoundInertial
: ultraviolet, visible, infrared
: UWB, GPS, cellular, FM, AM
: audible, ultrasound
: accelerometers, gyroscopes
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Technology PerformanceTechnology Performance
SoundNo wall penetration.
Gaps and reflections give path.Bad
Very Good
Tech Issues Tactical Rescue
OpticalNo wall or debris penetration.
Look everywhere. Overload.Bad OK
RadioNo metal penetration. Limited wall penetration. Blind alley. OK-Good Bad-OK
InertialRadio link needed.
Errors increase over time.OK-Good OK
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Why Ultrasound for Rescue?Why Ultrasound for Rescue?
Not affected by fire environmentSmall, directional receiverNo Rayleigh scattering by smokeReflected waves: locate victim behind
obstacles, behind doors, and around cornersNo wall penetration: no blind alleysIndicates path to firefighter
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Far-Field PASS & Pulse BeamsFar-Field PASS & Pulse Beams
227º
227º
D = 2 inf = 4 KHz
D = 3 inf = 40 KHz
15º
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Pulse SystemPulse System
Personnel Ultrasonic Locating Safety Equip
Beacon: omnidirectional transmitterTracker: directional receiver Firefighter, exit, civilian (tot-finder) BeaconsRange: 150+ feetSearch Time: 2-5 minutes (typical)
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BeaconBeacon
Ultrasonic transmitter Activation clip Manual alarm switch 2 reset switches LED indicators Audible annunciator Motion sensor Monitor/Pre-Alarm/Alarm Lightweight: 7 oz (w/batt)
PASS
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TrackerTracker
Directional U/S receiver LED bargraph for signal Audible annunciator with
mute switch LED bargraph for battery Mode switch & LEDs
(Firefighter, Civilian, Exit) Lightweight: 14 oz (w/batt)
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San Diego Firehouse Expo HOT: 1aSan Diego Firehouse Expo HOT: 1a
Missed Door
And Victim
1
1
1 1 1
3
3 3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
3
3
3
3
33
3
3
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San Diego Firehouse Expo HOT: 1bSan Diego Firehouse Expo HOT: 1b
Missed Victim
(Second Time)
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
2
22
2
2
2
22
2
2
23
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
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San Diego Firehouse Expo HOT: 1cSan Diego Firehouse Expo HOT: 1c
Blind Search Time: 35 min1
1 1
1
1
1
1
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San Diego Firehouse Expo HOT: 2San Diego Firehouse Expo HOT: 2
Search Time: 4-5 min using Pulse System
Beacon behind desk on chair
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San Diego Firehouse Expo HOT: 3San Diego Firehouse Expo HOT: 3
XSearch Time:Approx 3 min using Pulse
Beacon covered with metal trash can
Closed Door
Room search not necessary
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Providence Survival Seminar HOT: 1Providence Survival Seminar HOT: 1
110 ft
145 ft
Abandoned Supermarket: Victim believed in center
2
2
1
Search Time: Approx 4 minutes using Pulse
Distance Traveled: Approx 80 ft
1
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Providence Survival Seminar HOT: 2Providence Survival Seminar HOT: 2Abandoned Supermarket : Victim believed in center
110 ft
145 ft
2
2
1
1
Search Time: Approx 5 min using Pulse
Distance Traveled: Approx 80 feet
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Syracuse NYSAFC HOTSyracuse NYSAFC HOT
Activated PASS
Search Time: 12-18 min using PASS
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SummarySummary Tactical vs Rescue: different requirements GPS won’t work for Rescue Technologies: Optical, Radio, Sound, Inertial No one technology for all situations Radio/Inertial best for Tactical Sound (Ultrasound) best for Rescue Pulse System: Beacon & Tracker Rescue examples from HOT evolutions