Download - Fire Ground Search and Rescue Final 2005
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Fireground Search and Rescue
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Objectives
Distinguish between rescue andextrication operations.
State the objectives of building search.
Define primary search and secondarysearch.
Select guidelines for rescue fromburning buildings.
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Objectives (cont.)
Select facts about firefighters whobecome trapped or disoriented.
List safety guidelines for search andrescue operations within buildings.
Select facts about victim removal.
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Physical Objectives
Conduct a primary search of a building(residential and commercial).
Conduct a secondary search of abuilding (residential and commercial).
Move an injured victim to safety usingappropriate carries, drags, andstretchers.
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Whats The Difference Between
Rescue and Extrication
Rescue
Natural elements, structural collapse,
elevation difference, or any situation notconsidered extrication.
Extrication Man-made machinery or equipment.
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Building Search Objectives
Finding victims:
Search for life.
Obtain information about the extent ofthe fire:
Searching for fire extension.
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Size-Up Of The Incident
Factors that effect search and rescueoperations:
Type of occupancy.
Season.
Time of day.
Weather.
Other clues of people being there.
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Size-Up Of The Incident
Occupancy:
Depending upon the occupancy, it may
lend you a lot of information to number ofvictims and their location. Example: youhave a structure fire at a nursing home.We know that the operation is 24 hours aday and that most of the occupants are notable to get out on their own.
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Size-Up Of The Incident
Season: Depending on the season or the time of
year, it may lend you a lot of information.Example: you have a structure fire at oneof the hotels in the Frederick County /Winchester area during the Shenandoah
Apple Blossom Festival. We know thatthey are at full capacity and this is going topose a large problem for the searchteam(s).
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Size-Up Of The Incident
Time Of Day:
The time of day can lend you a lot of
information on many occupancies as to thepossibility of people being trapped inside.You have a structure fire at 0200 hours in aDaycare Facility, what do you think the lifehazard is going to be for this type ofstructure?
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Size-Up Of The Incident
Weather:
Times during a major storm such as a
snow storm, a lot of people do not go outand are stuck at home. Now you get thatstructure fire mid-week at lunch time, theodds of people being at home are muchmore greater.
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Size-Up Of The Incident
Other clues of people being in thestructure:
Cars in the drive way.
Sheet or blanket hanging out a window.
A window open on arrival during the middle
of winter. Reports from bystanders.
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Gather Information Prior ToSearch
Question neighbors or those who havealready escaped the fire. These people
may be able to tell you if there isanyone left in the building and if thereis, a possible location of the victim.
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My Baby Is Inside
Many times when firefighters arrive on thescene, the first information they will receive
from the occupants is a baby is trappedinside. Question people as to what their babyis? Many times firefighters have risked theirlives to save the baby to later find out that
the baby is a dog or cat. So make surebefore we risk our lives that the baby is ahuman being not the family pet.
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Size-Up The Building
Just as the first arriving fire departmentofficer, the search and rescue team
must also size-up the building.
The most likely places to find victims ina building, is places of egress.
Especially those that the occupants arethe most accustom to using, such as thefront door.
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Size-Up The Building
What information can you gather by justlooking at the building?
Possible location of victims. Location of different rooms (i.e. bedrooms).
Entrance and egress points for victims andfor the search team.
Location of the fire.
Type of tools that the search team mayneed.
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Size-Up The Following BuildingsFor Search
Answer the following questions:
Time of day, season, weather?
What is the occupancy?
Entrance and exit points?
Location of possible victims?
Clues that their someone is there?
Location of fire?
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Hazards To Fireground Search
What hazards pose a great risk to us asfirefighters doing a search of this
structure?
Our fellow brothers and sisters found
out the hard way in Worchester,Massachusetts in December 1999.
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Primary Search
Conducted before or during firesuppression operations.
Rapid but thorough.
Known or likely locations of victims.
Verify fire conditions.
Report surprises.
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Primary Search
At all times when performing a primarysearch, rescuers should operate in ateam of two or more using the buddysystem.
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You Must Be Able To Contact YourTeam Member(s) One Of The
Following Ways:
By sight.
By touch.
By voice (via a radio does not count).
By rope or webbing between the two ofyou.
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Secondary Search
Conducted after fire is under control.
Conducted by personnel other thanthose who conducted primary search.
Thorough and painstaking.
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Multi-Story Buildings
When searching in multi-story buildings,the most critical areas are the fire floor,
the floor directly above the fire, and thetopmost floor. These floors should besearched immediately because this is
where any remaining occupants will bein the greatest jeopardy due to risingsmoke, heat, and fire.
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Multi-Story Buildings
When searching these buildings it isimperative that all doors are kept shut to
stairways to prevent smoke, heat, andfire extension into the egress areas.This can be a problem when trying to
advance hose lines into the fire floor orventilate. A well coordinated plan mustbe relayed by the Incident Commander.
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Multi-Story Buildings
Many times certain stairwells will bedesignated for certain operations such
as fire attack, rescue, victim removal,and ventilation. This keeps stairwellsbeing used for fire attack clear of victims
due to the smoke and heat that will bereleased into the stairwell.
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Search and Rescue Tools
The search and rescue team shouldmake sure when entering the structure
that they have the tools to do the job.The tool chest will vary some
depending on the occupancy that you
respond to.
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Search and Rescue Tools
Every Firefighter shall have the following:
Personal Protective Equipment (P.P.E.).
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (S.C.B.A.). Personal Alert Safety System (P.A.S.S.).
Flashlight.
25 feet of webbing.
Door chocks.
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Search and Rescue Tools
Single Family Dwelling Fires, the searchand rescue team should have the
following: Forcible Entry and Exit tools (flat head axe
and a Halligan Bar).
Thermal Imaging Camera (T.I.C.).
At least one portable radio, a radio for eachteam member is preferred.
Pressurized Water Extinguisher.
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Search and Rescue Tools
Multi-Family Dwelling Fires, the search andrescue team should have the following: Same Forcible Entry and Exit tools for a single
family dwelling along with a Hydraulic Tool (i.e.Rabbit Tool, Hydra-Ram).
Thermal Imaging Camera (T.I.C.).
At least one portable radio, a radio for each team
member is preferred. Pressurized Water Extinguisher.
Search rope.
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Search and Rescue Tools
For Commercial and IndustrialBuildings, the tool cache shall be the
same as for a Multi-Family Dwelling. The use of a search rope is a must
when we start dealing with these type of
structures due to the floor layouts, withlarge open areas and small cubicaloffice areas.
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Search Techniques
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Following A Wall
Lead team member keeps contact withthe wall when you enter the structure.
This can be either the left or right wall,this should depend upon your scenesize-up. The team leader must stay in
contact with the wall to ensure a wayout of the building.
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Following A Wall
When you choose a wall to follow youmust stay with that wall the entire time
as it will lead you back to where youstart. Once you run low on air you canthen switch hands on the wall and it will
lead you back to where you started.
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Following A Wall
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Searching A Room
When multiple firefighters enter a roomto search, make sure you fan out and
keep in contact to cover more area.Everyone going through the room like asnake does not cover the entire room
and victims will be missed.
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Searching a building
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Searching Rooms
When searching small rooms, one wayto search the room is for one team
member to stay at the entrance andmaintain voice contact with the otherteam member(s) as they enter the room
to search. Once you have completedthe search of the room, the team rejoinsand continues onto the other rooms.
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Searching Rooms
If all of the team enters the room tosearch, a light or tool shall be left at the
entrance to the room for a referencepoint as to where you entered the room.In many buildings today, there are
rooms off of rooms and team memberscan very easily get lost or disoriented.
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Search priorities and methods
U Of Th l I i i
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Use Of Thermal ImaginingCameras
Search and rescue teams can be aidedby Thermal Imagining Cameras
(T.I.C.s). These cameras work bydetecting changes of temperature ofdifferent objects. The hotter an objectgets, the object will appear to be very
white, while some new cameras it mayappear red. Colder objects will appearto be black.
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Th l I i i C
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Thermal Imagining Cameras(T.I.C.s)
Thermal Imagining Cameras (T.I.C.s)must be used as a tool when searching,
just as using a flat head axe. If yousolely rely on TICs you will missoccupants. You never enter a buildingwith a TIC and not maintain contact with
the wall, for if the battery goes dead inthe camera then you have no way out ofthe structure.
Th l I i i C
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Thermal Imagining Cameras(T.I.C.s)
Use of these cameras takes practice tounderstand what you are looking at.
What may appear to be nothing can bea victim hiding. Also, these camerascannot see through glass, walls, or
other objects. They only detect heatthat is present.
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Marking Systems
Wh Sh ld Fi fi h Wh
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What Should Firefighters WhoBecome Trapped or Disoriented Do?
Remain calm.
Try to retrace steps.
If retracing is not possible, seek an exitfrom the building or fire area.
Shout for help periodically.
If possible, follow hoseline to exit ornozzle team.
Find window and signal for assistance.
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What Should Firefighters Who BecomeTrapped or Disoriented Do?
If equipped with radio, try to contactother personnel as quickly as possible.
If trapped, immediately activateP.A.S.S. device.
If unsuccessful finding a way out, findplace of relative safety, stay close to awall, activate P.A.S.S. device, and shineflashlight toward ceiling.
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What Should Firefighters Who BecomeTrapped or Disoriented Do?
If exhausted or close to losingconsciousness, assume horizontal
position on floor next to exterior wall,hallway, or doorway and shine flashlighttoward ceiling.
H Sh ld R S h F A
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How Should Rescuers Search For ALost or Disoriented Firefighter?
First try to quickly obtain an idea of thefirefighters last known location.
Stop every so often and becomeperfectly quiet to hear calls for distressor the downed firefighters P.A.S.S.
device tone. Use any means possible to remove
downed firefighter from hostile
atmosphere.
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How Should Rescuers Search For A Lostor Disoriented Firefighter?
If downed firefighter has functioning S.C.B.A.,carefully move firefighter so as not to
dislodge S.C.B.A. If downed fire fighter does not have a
functioning S.C.B.A., connect mask to buddybreathing connection on rescuers S.C.B.A.
and/or quickly remove victim from hazardousatmosphere.
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How Should Rescuers Search For A Lostor Disoriented Firefighter?
At no time should rescuers remove theirfacepieces or in anyway compromise
the proper operation of their S.C.B.A. inan attempt to share them with anotherfirefighter or victim.
Safety Guidelines For Search
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Safety Guidelines For SearchOperations Within Buildings
Dont enter buildings in which the fire has
progressed to the point where viable victims
are not likely to be found. Attempt entry only after ventilation is
accomplished.
Work from a single operational plan.
Maintain contact with Command.
Constantly monitor fire conditions that affectsearch teams and individual firefighters.
Safety Guidelines For Search
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Safety Guidelines For SearchOperations Within Buildings
Have a Rapid Intervention Team (R.I.T.) ready toassist firefighters.
Used a Personnel Accountability System.
Be aware of secondary means of egress.
Wear full Personal Protective Equipment(P.P.E.).
Including S.C.B.A. and P.A.S.S. device.
Work in teams of two or more and stay inconstant contact with each other.
Safety Guidelines For Search
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Safety Guidelines For SearchOperations Within Buildings
Search systematically to increaseefficiency and to reduce the possibility
of becoming disoriented. Stay low and move cautiously.
STAY ALERT use all senses.
Monitor continually the structuresintegrity.
Feel doors for excessive heat beforeopening.
Safety Guidelines For Search
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Safety Guidelines For SearchOperations Within Buildings
Mark entry doors into rooms and remember thedirection turned when entering the room.
Maintain contact with a wall when visibility isobscured.
Have a charged hoseline at hand wheneverpossible when working on the fire floor.
Coordinate with ventilation teams beforeopening windows to relieve heat and smokeduring search.
Safety Guidelines For Search
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Safety Guidelines For SearchOperations Within Buildings
Close the door report the condition.
Inform the Division / Group Supervisor
immediately of any area and/or room(s)that could not be searched, for anyreason.
Report promptly to the Supervisor oncethe search is complete.
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Victim Removal
Be aware that the primary danger of moving avictim quickly is the possibility of aggravating
a spinal cord injury. Pull victims in the direction of the long axis of
the body, not sideways.
Whenever possible, use two or more adults
when attempting to lift or carry an adult.
Guard against losing your balance.
Always lift as a team.
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Victim Removal
Keep your back straight and lift withyour legs, not with your back.
If immobilization of a fracture is notfeasible until the victim has been moveda short distance, support the weight of
the injured part while other rescuersmove the victim.
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Cradle in arms Lift/carry
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Seat Lift/ Carry
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2-3 person lift/carry
Moving a victim on a
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Moving a victim on abackboard I
Moving a victim on a
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Moving a victim on abackboard 2
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Extremities lift/carry
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Chair lift/carry 1
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Chair lift/carry 2
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Incline Drag
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Blanket Drag
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Practical Exercises
Refer to Student Workbook Job Sheet: 7-1, page SA 7-7.
7-2, page SA 7-9. 7-3, page SA 7-11.
7-4, page SA 7-15.
7-5, page SA 7-19.
7-6, page SA 7-23.
7-7, page SA 7-27.
7-8, page SA 7-29.
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Summary
What is the difference between rescueand extrication?
What are the objectives of a buildingsearch?
What are the differences between aprimary search and a secondary search?
What techniques and guidelines shouldrescuers use when searching astructure?
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Summary (cont.)
What are the search priorities for a multi-story building?
What general methods should rescuersfollow when searching rooms andbuildings?
What should firefighters do if they
become trapped or disoriented? How should rescuers search for a lost or
disoriented firefighter?
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Summary (cont.)
What safety guidelines should rescuersfollow?
What conditions necessitate emergencymoves of victims?
What general guidelines for emergency
moves should rescuers follow?
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Questions