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JAPANESE GARDEN
SUBMITTED BY:
Mayank jagwani
Pallavi chitnis
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THE LAND
On eastern edge of tectonic plates that forms the
Asian subcontinent.
75% of land mass is mountainous and rest isnarrow mountain valley.
Rich soil.
Climate found is humid.
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Periods of Japanese history that is important to
the gardens are as follows:
784-1185 : Heian period
1185-1392 :Kamakura period
1392-1568 :Muromachi period
1568-1615 :Momoyama period
1618-1867 :Edo period
HISTORY
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Type of gardens Zen gardens
Tea gardens
Tsubo gardens
Edo stroll gardens
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GARDENS OF HEIANPERIOD
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No professional class of gardeners.
Do not represents the traditional Japanese gardens.
Based on the yin-yang theory .
based on the five basic elements-wood, fire, earth, gold, and
water+Ying yang theory
Theory was used in the gardens to create harmonic state within the
gardens.
Inco operated Buddhism symbolism in their gardens.
No extant example of the gardens of Heian period.
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SHINDEN RESIDENCEcity in grid system.
Location of the house according to the status ofthe society.
Garden covered one third of the whole property.
Area of garden was 1.2 acres in size.
Basic characteristics
No use of the symmetry.
Variety of flowering shrubs,flowers,grasses and
animal life.
Tufts of grasses and flowers.Water used extensively.
Large irregular pond surrounding half of the garden.
Bridges.
Boats carved with of the images of the dragon.
Deciduous and perennial plants.
gardens were called as pond touring gardens.
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Plan of the heian period city
Also put north
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ZEN GARDENS
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Zen gardens were born in the kamakura period but
came to fruition in the muromachi period.
Main religion of the warrior class.
Warrior class travelled to china AND were highly
inspired by the Zen Buddhist .
Used by Zen Buddhist monks within their temples.
Zen inspired the gardens in two ways:
through Zen paintings
Zen priest gardeners.
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BASIC CHARACTERSTICS of Zen gardens:
Gardens were tightly enclosed.
The titami mats were used to cover the floor from
wall to wall.
Sliding paper door were used with allowed flexibility.
Dry landscape was used.
Walking was the primary way of touring of the garden.
Kare-San-Sui developedMore of philosophical approach.
Blend of spiritual and secular activities.
Miniature landscape created inspired by the paintings.
Rocks, moss used to represent island, ponds, mountains.
Raked sand and gravel stimulates the feeling of the
water
Natural elements used by scaling down.
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Sliding door
Garden
Outer wallEntry court
Main gate Carriage approachService gate
Tatami Main hall Cusped gable
Relatively small size of outdoor space
Formal courtyard
Division of space for public and private space
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Prominent use stone
and sand as
dry landscape.
(Daisen-in,Daitoku-ji,kyoto)
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Tofuju-ji temple, Kyoto
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Daitokuji temple, Kyoto, kansai
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Sub temple korin-in
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The sculptural, contemplation
Gardens built in the
courtyard
Striking combination obtained
By using lights, leaves and
pebbles
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TEAGARDENS
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Tea culture started at the beginning of Muromachi
Period till Momoyana period.
Brought by Zen monks.
Basic reason that gave rise to the tea gardens:
1.the increasing desire on the part of warrior class
to emulate the aesthetic life.
2.A greater intermingling between the classesespecially the warrior, priest and wealthy
merchants.
Designing tea garden was considered as art of
compression.
Tea garden were designed to fit into a remaining open
corner of the property.
Main purpose was to prompt the mental and spiritual
repose requisite to the tea gardening.
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Toilet
Outer gate
Waiting bench
Middle gate
Dust pit
Laver
Well
Thatch roofed tea house
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Characteristics:
Designed to be as naturalistic as possible.Atmosphere there should be as quite as that of the
deep mountains.
Mix of evergreen trees and shrubs with only a few
deciduous plants.
Shunned perennial or annual flowers.
Rare use of flowering trees or shrubs.
Ground generally carpeted with moss.
Extensive use of stepping stone and stone lanterns.
Lanterns used were made of old and weathered stone.
Also used old, discarded objects.
Tokonama, chigai-dana were used for the purpose of art of displacing.
Decorative wall and coffered ceiling.
Square post and beam made of simple tree trunk.
Ceiling made of plain slates of the wood.
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Photoes
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Photoes
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TSUBO GARDENS
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Started in early Edo period.
Tiny gardens that are enclosed within the town houses of the urban
merchant.
Design evolved because:1.series of cultural changes in the society.
2.Dramatic rise of social status of the merchants
and the craftsmen.
3.Popular culture and their tastes, and a new
physical setting of their urban Residence.
They were used as private spaces.
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Store house,kura
Rear garden,senzai
Guest room,zashiki
Display alcove
Display shelves
Sitting room,
Bath,furo
Toilets,benjo
Service kitchen
Passage way kitchen
Private entry
Formal room, genkan
Formal private room
Entrance hall, mise niwa
Garden
Shop
Main entry
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Characteristics:
Small courtyards were enclosed within the various
wings.
Proper zoning of the spaces according to the use
was done.
Only enjoyed by sitting in the nearby room.
Tiny spaces left for light and ventilation.
Highly influenced by tea gardens.
Had lanterns, water lavers, stepping stone smallbridges.
Lush green plants and shrubs used.
Camellias used as flowering plants.
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Private residence, Kyoto
Tawaraya in ,Kyoto
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Kawamichiya inn
Private residence,kyoto
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Toriiwaro inn,Kyoto
Shigemori residence
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Courtyard garden(tsubo nawa)
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Stroll garden
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Started at the time of Edo period.
Min 50,000 square meters.
Reasons of designing stroll gardens:
1.Leisured life of nobles.
2.Intrest in travel
3.General stability of the era.
Characteristics:
Meant for walking around.
Mountains play integral part.
Based on some theme found in the nature.
Contains all major elements of Japanese garden.
Have mountains, valley, field and ocean scenes.
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Koishikawa, Tokyo
Senot gosho, Tokyo
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Koishiawa ,Tokyo
Hangzhou, china
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Kastura detached
palace, Kyoto
Hammond museum
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Elements ofJapanese garden
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The Japanese have always attached great importance to theuse of rocks in their gardens.
The unchanging nature of rock suggests a presence beyond
the ephemeral quality of the world.
Its presence in the garden provokes a powerful associationwith the wild and massive aspects of nature.
The most favored rocks are old and weathered, ideally with
growths of lichen or moss.
The Japanese preferred subdued colors.
The choice of rocks will also depend on the theme of the
garden.
ROCKS
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Different types of rocks used in Japanese
gardens
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Water:Water portrayed through sand gravel and small rocks.
Often used allegorically.
Represent coolness, smell,sound,birth,growth and death.
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Water fall
Water fall is important element of a pond,
As the source of water needs to be visible
in a composition and provides vital force.
They bring life by their ever changing
Display
Different patterns used in gardens are -
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BRIDGES
Had functional purpose of crossing water.
Had a philosophical meaning.Typically curved in shape.
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Imperial palace
Shosei-en
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Lantern:
Used as sculptured ornaments.
Used in tea gardens for lighting path.
Used as focal point.
Stone used for the lantern should be well weathered .
Not monolithic, made of two stone.
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Water basin:
Used in shrines for the purpose of washing the hands.
Philosophical meaning is the cleaning of mind and body.Use in tea garden.
Is deep cut into the top to contain water.
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PATHSThey are intended to direct movement around the garden, but
another purpose is to direct the users senses and mind.
Curved paths will take the eye only as far as it can be seen before it
bends; as the path curves a new vista is revealed.
Different types of path used by Japanese are-
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FISH
Fish can be colorful addition to a pond, and they are useful where a lotof movement and interest are desired.
Koi carp are an obvious choice for Japanese gardens.
The type of fish will have bearing on your choice of plants.
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Wall and fences
Used as an enclosure and dividers within the garden.
Controlled by the height placement and the degree of
transparency.
Inner one are low, up to the eye level.
Control of height gives the generous veiw of what of what
lies beyond the wall.
Provides privacy.
Can be made in variety of material.
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Plants
Used for various purpose.
Plants of horticulture species are used mainly.
Most common plants are Pine, maple, Azalea,Bamboo,Plum andcherry and camellia.
Shrubbery also used extensively.
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STUPASAND BUDDHAS
A stupa is stone tower.
By surrounding it by with other scaled down objects it helps to create
an illusion of
distance.
They were used to bring a
spiritual atmosphere to the
gardens.
These sit well by streams or
ponds where the reflection in
water adds further dimensions.
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SHISHI ODOSHI
Was originally used by farmers to scare off deer and boar.
Now it is used as a design element.
It consists of striker balanced between wooden supports on a
pivot. water is fed from a bamboo from the top.
Their movement provides an element of change.
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DESIGNPRINCIPLES
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ENCLOSUREMountainous topography of Japan meant that , of necessity,
dwellings were close together.
It makes the garden into a private space with the potential for an
atmosphere of quiet and clam.
It creates am immediate division between the world of the city
and the world the garden.
Enclosing element itself can act as a canvas or background tothe composition and the other elements in the garden.
A neutral background is preferred so that enclosing element
does not try to compete
with the composition.
When viewing from inside the house or pavilion, elements
integral to the building also enclose.
Tall shrubs and hedges are often used for enclosure.
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Borrowed scenery:
Technique for enlarging the visual scale of garden.
Distant landmark considered with garden.
Mountains, cascades are some examples.
Shoden-ji,kyoto`
Murin-in
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VIEWPOINT
Japanese thought that the direction of view to the garden is very
important.
They tend to look at their garden from a limited no. of viewpoints.
The view from the guest room is traditionally important .
The appreciation of scenery beyond the garden will be heightened from
a particular viewpoint.
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2.VOIDANDACCENT
Created expressive spatial voids.
Created in a variety of ways.
As a physical space expirence when moving through
garden.
As visual space in a contemplation garden that is only entered in
the mind for example kare-san-sui in the zen gardens.
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COMPOSITONAND BALANCE
Gardens attempts to re-create the harmony and balance in nature.
The waterfall relates to the hills, rocks grouped to guide the water
over the fall and the way fall is broken at the bottom, are the ways
they created balance in the compositions.
Single rock could become mountain, a small mound a hillside and
an area of raked gravel a sea.
Elements were always grouped in odd numbers. Grouping gives
continuity and an overall cohesiveness to a composition.
The form of triangle was used for group of rocks or trees.
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CONTRASTANDCHANGE
Japanese gardens are full of contrast and this is one reasonthey have
An impact.
There is contrast between the elements-
Between plants and fences, water and rocks, plant and gravel,water and rock.
Change comes in two forms, first that which the viewer
experiencesas he moves through the garden, and second the change in
seasons
so celebrated by the Japanese.
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PERSPECTIVE
With the desire to make the garden a microcosm of nature, theJapanese often wanted to create an illusion of distance and they
achieved this by the positioning and manipulation of design.
They achieved this by-
Broadening the front and narrowing the end.
The verandah platform also has an important effect on the
evaluation of distance. as one looks out from an elevated position,
the ground immediately in front and below the platform is cut offfrom view.
The garden composition tends to float in space.
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MINIATURIZATION
Elements take a new meaning when a garden is considered as amicrocosm.
A rock becomes a mountain, a mound becomes a hillside.
a pond becomes an ocean, a shrub becomes a tree.
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