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156. achaemenid rock tombs(left)
sasanian rock reliefs(right)
largest sasanian rock reliefs
2 emperors-- valerian and philip the arab
kartir had his own figure carved into the rock relief
inscription in middle persian
81. Achaemenid Susa
Darius chose as administrative capital
built around 520/518 BC after suppressing rebellions
small residence compared to Babylon
then moved same people to persepolis to build ceremonial capital
119. administrative tablets-- from Persepolis
economic texts written in elamite
17. aerial view of tepe agbatana
earliest things found were Parthian from 3rd century BC
Final Fall 2013 Archaeology of Iran C163 and C259Study online at quizlet.com/_irxco
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60. Air view of Citadel
surrounded by walls made from mud brick
43. Air View of Pasargadae
174. Air views of takht-e suleiman
top pictures:air views from eric schmidt
bottom pic:picture from 1970--no military function, 2 major gates one in north, one in south
93. apadana cross section
encased old mound and then build foundations on top,
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126. Ardashir
(224-242 AD)
125. Ardashir
Papakan
(224-241)
on of papak
early coin-- depicted with late parthian crowninscription in middle persian
fire altar on back-- religious affiliation
127. Ardashir's
achievements
224: Put and end to the Parthian dynasty by killing the last Parthian king, Artabanus V, in the battle of
Hormuzdigan, probably in Khuzestan.
225-230: He defeated the rulers of Armenia in the northwest, and began the invasion of Roman
territories in Mesopotamia and Syria.
According to Dio Cassius, "he [Ardashir] bestowed that he would win back everything that the
ancient Persians had ever held, as far as the Grecian Sea, claiming that all this was his rightful
inheritance from his forefathers."
230: He besieged Nisibis in Syria, and captured most of Syria, counterattacked by Roman forces, and had to retreat.
238: He invaded Syria once more, taking both Carrhae and Nisibis. He also broke the defenses of
Hatra (northern Mesopotamia), which had withstood sieges by Trajans and Septimus Severus.
230-240: Internal reforms of army and government. He established a strong central government by
appointing members of his family to be at the head of key provinces and employed a large
bureaucracy. Religious reform, by establishing a formal state church or religious. Reform in coinage and control over
weight and mint places. As early as his reign, he associated his son, Shapur, directly with himself.
240-242: Joint rule of father and son as indicated on coins showing their two heads.
63. Arrian,
Anabasis,6.29
Alexander himself with his lightest infantry and with his cavalry guard and some of his bowmen, marched (from
Carmenia) towards Pasargadae in Persis. And he was grieved at the insult inflicted upon the tomb of Cyrus, the son ofCambyses, seeing that he found the tomb of Cyrus broken open and despoiled, as Aristobulus tells us. For the latter sa
that there was in Persis, in the royal paradise, the tomb of that Cyrus. About it had been planted a grove of all kinds of
trees, and it was watered with streams, and deep grass bad grown up in the meadow. The tomb itself in its lower parts
had been wrought of squared stone in the form of a square; and
above was a house (Aiwa) upon it, of stone, roofed, having a door that led within, so narrow that hardly could one
man, and he of no great stature, enter even with much difficulty. In the house was placed a golden coffin, where the
body of Cyrus was buried, and a conch beside the coffin.. . And the tomb was inscribed with Persian characters ; and
they said in Persian as follows : ' 0 man, I am Cyrus, the son of Cambyses, who founded the Empire of Persia, and was
King of Asia. Grudge me not therefore this monument.
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57. Artists Rendering of Pasagardae
68. ashlar masonry
smoother surfaces, surrounded by rough bricks
(disregard the holes)
6. Ashurnasirpal II
rebuilt capital city of Nimrud
initiated the policy of controlling trade routes from Iranian plateau and Mesopotamia
162. Bishapur building diagram
palace, temple
hall of mosaics-- roman style
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161. Bishapur City or Tang-e Bolhayat??????
geometric greek plan, built by roman prisoners
city wall next to river
first excavated by Gershwin and then an iranian team
164. bishapur palace-- dome collapsed
wall paintings
dome reconstruction by gershwin
154. bishapur rock relief
sassanian kings and roman emperors
155. bishapur rock relief closeup
3 roman emperors
1 captured-- valerian
1 dead-- gordian-- killed in battle
1 signing a treaty-- philip the arab
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163. Bishapur, excavated remains
75. bisitun chart
picture of people chained in front of Darius
the guy with a pointed hat added later-- defaced inscritos to add him
77. Bisitun Cliff-- for perspective
scaffolding to bisitun
difficult to access
76. Bisitun Mountain
73. Bisutun inscription and reliefs
image of Darius and then 2 people holding spear and bow
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74. Bisutun Reliefs
picture of people chained in front of Darius
the guy with a pointed hat added later-- defaced inscritos to add him
inscription written in old persian 415 lines of cuneiform, elimite 600 lines, and
babylonian 100 lines
the most important version is in elimite
babylonian is abstract
166. building called temple
a water channel surrounding building
association with goddess anahita
120. Characteristics of the Achaemenid cities 1. Royal cities
2. Scattered buildings (Pasargadae) vs grouped buildings and complexes at Persepol
and Susa
3. No significant city wall
4. Frequent use of columned halls
5. Combination of columned halls with large, intermediary spaces
6. Isolation of buildings by porticoes, gates, and staircases
7. Combination of mud-brick and stone with wooden ceilings and columns
8. Decorated façades: sculptured panels, molded bricks , glazed bricks,
use of paint and wall painting.
9. Result of a team work, groups of artists composed of various peoples
of the empire.
122. Chronological framework of the Sasanian
Empire
330 BC: Destruction of Persepolis, end of the
Achaemenid empire
326 BC - 200 BC: Seleucid supremacy in Iran
and Mesopotamia
200 BC - 224 AD: The Parthian empire (Arsacid
empire)
200 BC: the Persis dynasty ruling first under the
Seleucids then under the Parthians .
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188. Chronology of Ctesiphon: -A camp of the Parthian army founded by Mithradates I (ca. 171-38 BC)
-1st century BC: Foundations of Ctesiphon under Artabanus II and Pacoru
- 1st century AD: Vologeses I established a trade centre in the area.
-116: Capture of the city by Trajan
- 165: Capture of the city by Avidius Cassius
-198: Capture of the city by Septimus Severus
-226: Coronation of Ardashir
-230: Foundation of Weh-Ardashir or the round city
- 363: The Battle of Ctesiphon between the Sasanians and Romans-Mid-5th century: change in the course of the Tigris
-500: Settlements on the new east bank of the Tigris (Aspanbar)
-531-79: Foundation of a new settlement southeast of the Aspanbar the
construction of Taq-e Kasra (great eyvan) under Khosrow I
-638: Battle of Qadesiyah between the Muslim Arabs and the Sasanians
-639: Capture and plundering of Ctesiphon by the Arab army
71. clamps used in achaemenid buildings
helps in dating the monuments
new type of architecture
inscription naming Cyrus
date 540-520 BC
184. Clay impressions with the name of
Atudgushnasp
37. Close up of impression of Kurash (Cyrus) the
anshanite, son of Teispes (from Grraison)
18. Close up of Tepe Agbatana
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51. Closeup of Pasargadae Inscription on Pillar
194. Ctesiphon, stucco decoration panels 6th
century
38. Cyrus Cylinder
most important piece of information from Cyrus, found in Babylon by british in
1879about the capture of Babylon by Cyrus in 539
names himself king
79. darius account from bisitune I am Darius the great king, king of kings, the king of Persia, the king
of countries, the son of Hystaspes, the grandson of Arsames, the
Achamenid.
2. King Darius says: My father is My father is Hystaspes; the father of
Hystaspes was Arsames; the father of Arsames was Ariaramnes, the
father of Ariaramnes was Teispes; the father of Teispes was
Achaemenes.
3. King Darius says: That is why we are called Achaemenids from
antiquity we have been noble; from antiquity has our dynasty been
royal.4. King Darius says: Eight of my dynasty were kings before me; I am
the ninth. Nine in succession we have been kings.
5. King Darius says: By the grace of Ahuramazada I king; Ahuramazda
has granted me the kingdom.
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80. darius account from bisitune 52. King Darius says: This is what I have done. By the grace of
Ahuramazda have I always acted. After I became king, I fought
nineteen battles in a single year and by the grace of Ahuramazda I
overthrew nine kings and I made them captive.
62. King Darius says: This is what I have done in one single year; by
the grace of Ahuramazda have I always acted. Ahuramazda brought
me help, and the other gods, a ll that there are.
70. King Darius says: By the grace of Ahuramazda this is the inscription
which I have made in Aryan, and did not existed here before. It wascomposed on clay tablets and on parchment. Besides, a sculptured
figure of myself I made. Besides, I made my lineage. And it was
inscribed and was read off before me. Afterwards this inscription I sent
off everywhere among the provinces. The people unitedly worked upon
it....
66. dash kuli, Anatolia monument
tomb
104. diagram and map of apadana at Susa--Darius?
courtyards paved in mud brick
top plan as well
very limited access-- because the king lives there
access of audience hall from the back
117. diagram from persepolis
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85. diagram of achaemenid susa
raised apadan mound height
built a city wall
susa was never fortified
susa sits on glaci-- slanted slopes
monumental gates for palace-- monumental gates
late 5th century apadana palace burned down-- built shar palace while rebuilding apadan
22. Diagram of Nush-i Jan Columned Hall
111. diagram of persepolis
64. Diagram of Tomb of Cyrus
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185. diagram,
columned
halls for
receptions
more fire temples
31. Different
phases of
construction
at Godin
Tepe and
overview of
columned
hall
107. Diodorus of
Sicily, The
Historical
Library,
book 17. 250
The city is surrounded by a triple wall, of which the outermost was sixteen cubits or twenty-seven feet high (8 m),
crowned with battlements, the second, thirty-two cubits or fifty-four feet (15 m), and the third or innermost, sixty cubit
or one hundred and two feet high. The third enclosure in shape was four-sided, and the wall thereof was in height sixty
cubits (30 m), made of hard stone, well suited to last forever. Each of the sides had gates of brass, and by them palisad
of brass of twenty cubits, the one set up for safety, the others to strike terror into the beholders And on the side of the
citadel towards the east, at a distance of four hundred feet, is a mountain called the Royal Mountain, in which were the
sepulchers of the kings. ... In this citadel were many lodgings, both of the king and of his generals, of very costly
equipment, and treasuries well contrived for the guarding of money.
90. DSF-- darius
susa F
clay tablet fragments
achaemenid
written in old persian-- one of the rarest tablets
script invented by persians either under cyrus or darius
text about construction of palace in susa
33. The Early
Persians
844: The first mention of the Persians by Shalmanesar III
Parsua possibly the land of the Persians
691: Persians named as one of the allies of the Elamites
650: Parsumash mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions
646: Ashurbanipal's campaign against Elam
Kurash (Cyrus I) mentioned in Assyrian texts.
612-549: The Median kingdom
550: The advent of Cyrus II (the Great)
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182. entrance to
fire temple
entrance to fire temple and then view inside
built of fired brick and mud brick, then covered in plaster
32. Evidence for
the
Achaemenid
Empire I
Textual Evidence
1. assyrian and babylonian inscriptions
2. achaemenid royal inscriptions administrative tablets
3.greek stories and texts
called persians
4.the bible
archaeological remains
1.pottery-- we don't know much--most of the ceramics found are post achaemenids
2.seals and coins
administrative seals are very important
3. minor arts: metalwork
4.architecture: monumental and royal s ites
5.settlement pattern
1. Evidence for
the Medes
1. Textual Evidence: Assyrian and Babylonian inscriptions (best source: records and correspondence between kings,
administrators, and genera), Greek histories and texts (Herodotus)
2. Archaeological remains: pottery (buff ware), architecutre (columned halls), and settlement pattern
124. examples of
coins from
fars
158. excerpts of
inscriptions
Excerpts from Shapur's inscription on the walls of the Kaaba Zardusht, Naqsh-e Rustam.
When at first we had become established in the empire, Gordian Caesar raised in all of the Roman Empire a force from
the Goth and German realms and marched on Babylonia against the Empire of Iran and against us. On the border of
Babylonia
at Misikhe, a great 'frontal' battle took place. Gordian Caesar was killed and the Roman force was destroyed. And the
Romans made Philip Caesar. Then Philip Caesar came to us for terms, and to ransom their lives, gave us 500,000denars,
and became tributary to us. In the third campaign, when we attacked Carrhae and Urhai [Edessa] and were besieging
Carrhae and Edessa, Valerian Caesar marched against us. He had with him a force of 70,000 from Germany,
Rheineland, Noricum, Dacia, Pannonia, Moesia, Istria, Spain, Africa (?), Thrace, Bithynia, Asia, Pamphylia, Isauria,
Lycaonia, Galatia, Lycia, Cilicia, Cappadocia, Phrygia, Syria, Phoenicia, Judaea, Arabia, Mauritania, Germania,
Rhodes, Mesopotamia. And beyond Carrhae and Edessa we had a great battle with Valerian Caesar. We made prisoner
ourselves with our own hands Valerian Caesar and the others, chiefs of that army, the praetorian prefect, senators; we
made all prisoners and deported them to Persia.
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181. Eyvan in front of the fire temple complex
monumental entrance
39. Facts about Cyrus Cyrus the Great
The Cyrus Cylinder dated to 539 BC
The foundation brick from Ur dated to 539 BC
The Bisutun inscription
The Nabonidus Chronicles dated to the Hellenistic
period
The inscriptions of Pasargadae
Herodotus' Histories
Historians of Alexander: Arrian, Strabo, Diodorus
The Bible
Pasargadae: tomb of Cyrus and his palacesCambysis
Babylonian inscriptions.
The Bisutun inscription
A stepped building similar to the Tomb of Cyrus
130. fars, southern iran
99. figures on pedestal represent the different nationalities of the
empire
183. fire temple and diagram
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180. fire temple diagram
and archive
buildings
131. firuzabad
bishapur
150. firuzabad city
layout
segments
center marked by square building
temple tak machine
in a plain, round city, river runs through
gorge controlled
Firuzabad- early sassanian site, built during ardeshir, founder of the dynasty while he was a vassal of the
parthian king, defensive features-- the fortress and the city wall/moat surrounding, materials: cant say much
never excavated
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147. firuzabad palace diagram
dome on square buildings-- partha/sassanian invention
146. Firuzabad, Palace
blocks of stone
extensive use of mortar
plastered and decorated133. firuzabad, qaleh dokhtar
stone, mortar, plastered
143. Firuzabad, Shahr-e Gur
sassanian
round shape
2 major ones- one in fars: darab and
inspiration for 1st city of baghdad2 km shape, 20 segments
4 major gates, city wall of mud brick, moat surrounding wall
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118. The
Foundation
Tablets of the
Apadana @
Persepolis
found in stone box
mentions conquest of india by darius
92. full text on
DSF
ionian--
greeks from
asia minor--stone cutters
@ Susa
Darius' inscription about the construction of the palace at Susa. (DSf) This palace which I built at Susa, from afar its
ornamentation was brought. Downward the earth was dug, until I reached rock in the earth. When the excavation ha
been made, then rubble was packed down, some 40 cubits (app. 14 m) in depth, another part 20 cubits (app.
7 m) in depth. On that rubble the palace was constructed. And that the earth was dug downward, and that the rubble
was packed down, and that the sun-dried brick was molded, the Babylonian people -- it did these tasks. The cedartimber, this -- a mountain named Lebanon -- from there was brought. The Assyrian people, it brought it to Babylon;
from Babylon the Carians and the Ionians brought it to Susa. The yakâ-timber was brought from Gandara and from
Carmania. The gold was brought from Sardis and from Bactria, which here was wrought. The precious stone lapis
lazuli and carnelian which was wrought here, this was brought from Sogdiana. The precious stone turquois, this was
brought from Chorasmia, which was wrought here. The silver and the ebony were brought from Egypt. The
ornamentation with which the wall was adorned, that from Ionia was brought. The ivory which was wrought here, w
brought from Ethiopia and from Sind and from Arachosia. The stone columns which were here wrought, a village
named Abiradu, in Elam -- from there
were brought. The stone-cutters who wrought the stone, those were Ionians and Sardians. The goldsmiths who
wrought the gold, those were Medes and Egyptians. The men who wrought the wood, those were Sardians and
Egyptians. The men who wrought the baked brick, those were Babylonians. The men who adorned the wall, those wer
Medes and Egyptians. Darius the King says: At Susa a very excellent work was ordered, a very excellent work was
brought to completion. Me may Ahuramazda protect, and Hystaspes my father, and my country.
114. Gate of All
Lands
Xerxes'
inscription
(XPa)
egyptian style doorway
old persian, elamite, and babylonian inscriptionmentions in inscription that it is persepolis
40. Genealogy of
the
Achaemenids
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28. Godin Tepe Air View
30. Godin Tepe Columned Hall
stone column bases
wood columns
bench around hall
it was a gathering place for people
NO temple at Godin Tepe
but large storage area
27. Godin Tepe Diagram
central/western iran
air view of mound
30 meters high
mud brick construction
big archeological trench
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29. Godin Tepe Plans
top image:plan of Godin tepe period II
finds left to right
2 columned halls
2 major rooms
and storage area
bottom image: first occupied in 4th millennia BC occupied until islamic period
1st period is the latest, last period earliest
Young was criticised by destroying median columns to get to earlier periods-- but he
found interesting thin
169. google earth of takht-e Suleiman
build near lake, artesian lake-- water source
there was a late iron age temple
108. google maps view of persepolis and
pasargadae
persepolis in bottom left
near anchon
67. gur-e dukhtar. fars
possibly tomb of Cyrus the Younger
Cyrus conquered Ionia in 546 BC-- brought greek influence
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15. Hagamon Mountain
48. half fish/man from Assyria in Pasargadae
165. hall of mosaics
mosaics-- in louve
19. Hamadan
found city wall but can't date it
9. Hasanlu
In the Solduz valley
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10. Hasanlu air
view
citadel mound,column halls-- wooden columns, oldest column halls on Iran
11. Hasanlu
Diagram and
Model
BB-- Burned Building- burned by Urartians in 800 BC
red wall build by Urartians after they destroyed the city
78. henry creswicke
rawlinson
1835-1844 first inscription reading
also a decipherer of the cuneiform script
16. Herodotuson Ecbatana
Ecbatana, the capital of the Medes, in western Iran, was built as a place of great size and strength fortified by concentr walls, these so planned that each successive circle was higher than the one below it by the height of the battlements.
The circles are seven in number, and the innermost contains the
royal palace and the treasury. The circuit of the outer wall is much the same in extent as at Athens. The battlements of
the five outer rings are painted in different colors, the first white, the second black, the third crimson, the fourth blue,
the fifth orange; the battlements of the two inner rings are plated with silver and gold respectively.
112. image of
excavated
Persepolis
remains
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113. image of platform at Persepolis
monumental staircase built by Xerxes
most of buildings built or completed by Xerxes
doing what his father began-- following dads plans
100. image of text-- old persian, elamite, and babylonian on statue
of Darius
96. images of statue of Darius
statue buried inside later remains and walls and islamic wal
(left image)
157. inscription in 3 different languages-- 2 persian types and
greek
65. inside of tomb of cyrus
mosque paraphernalia
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148. interior of rooms of firuzabad palace
plastered
squinches in corner
141. Investiture of Ardashir, Naqsh-e Rustam, near
Persepolis
receiving ring of power from aru massad(supreme god of
zoroastrians)
3. Iron Age Periods and Ceramic Hoizons Iron Age I (1400-1200) : Early Western Grey Ware
Iron Age II (1200-800): Late Western Grey Ware
Iron Age III (800-600) Western Buff Ware
5. Iron Ore deposits
160. Jundishapur or Gundeshapur, Khuzestan
never excavated but destroyed my modern agriculture
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35. Kurash (Cyrus) the Anshanite, son of Teispes
(from Grraison)
seal impressions with inscription of 7th century BC, found in Persepolis
fortification tablets
189. Location of Ctesiphon
in Mesopotamia, south of Baghdad
capital city of parthians and sassanians
eastern side of Tigris
72. Map
Bisutun
most important document of Darius
on highroad western iran
connecting plateau to mesopotamia
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2. Map of Ancient Near East
4. Map of Assyrian Empire
down to Egypt, and into western Iran
didn't want to colonize-- they wanted to secure major trade routes-- metals, stone, wheat, barley, horse
190. map of ctesiphon
series for cities and ruins
blue line-- old bed of tigris river
diagram of excavation of ctesiphon
123. map of fars
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34. Map of First Persian Tribes
first Persian tribes in western Iran in the Zagros mountains then they moved south east
41. Map of Important Sites
Hamadan-- 2 inscriptions carved in stone from time of Darius and Xerxes
fragments written in old persians
also found plaques of gold and silver
in Babylon
2 kings resided in Babylon
Dahan-e Chulaman-- the gate of slaveseastern iran
129. Map of Iran
all of mesopotamia was part of iranian empires from achaemenid empire to 7th century
besides being located in southern iran of fars
locations include place south of baghdad
and in armenia
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12. The Medes and the Persians: Iranian speaking tribes of the Central Western
Iran.
-Medes and Persians appear in history in the
latter part of the ninth century B.C.
- Parsua mentioned in 844 in the inscriptions of
Shalmaneser III.
- Media mentioned in 835 in the inscriptions of
Shalmaneser III.
14. The Medes and their sites Textual evidence:
1. Herodotus' Histories
2. Assyrian and Babylonian inscriptions
Archaeological evidence:
1. Excavations at Tepe Nush-i Jan
2. Excavations at Godin Tepe
3. Excavations at Baba-Jan
4. Excavations at Tepe Ozbaki
13. Median kings Diaukku (Dioces) 700-647--unified the Median tribes-capital in Ecbatana
Alvand Mountain is near there- difficult mountain pass
Mount Bikni
Kashtariti (Phraortes) 647-625-- founded median kingdom in the 7th century
The Scythian invasion 625-597-- from the caucasus-- invaded Uratu and median
territories
Huvakhshatra (Cyaxares) 624-585-- defended the Median kingdom from invasion
captured Nineveh in 612 BC and conquered Assyria
May 23, 585 BC-- battle-- Medians knew of a full eclipse won the battle
Ishtumigu (Astyages) 585-550-- [grandfather of cyrus the great]was defeated by Cyru
the Great
102. monumental gate completed by Xerxes at
susa
82. More Achaemenid Susa
main achaemenid palace on apadana
apadana means columned hall/audience hall
right image-- columned hall and royal residences with 3 interior courtyards
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101. more
inscription of
Darius stature
knot: inscription in hieroglyphics
statue made in egypt-- then la ter there was a rebellion in egypt Xerxes brought the statue of his dad darius back to su
"The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, master of the ritual accomplishments, Darayavahush, may he live forever. Th
perfect god, master of the Two Lands, Darayavahush, may he live forever"
110. More Pictures
of Persepolis
8. Neo-Assyrian
Empire and
Urartu
900 - 700 BC
Neo-Assyrian Empire:
- Ashurnasirpal II: Rebuilt the capital ci ty of Calah (Nirmrud)
- Shalmeneser III of Assyria defeats the first known king of
Urartu, Aramu (856 B.C.). His military expeditions in the central
western Zagros encounter the Persians (844 BC) and then the
Medes (836 BC).
-Urartian kings, Ishpuini and Menua invade the northwestern Iran,
defeat the Manneans (c. 800).
- Sargon II of Assyria: Military expedition (Sargon's EightCampaign) to the region of Lake Urmia in northwestern Iran
(712).
23. Nush-i Jan
Diagram of
Storage Area
everything is made of mud brick
earliest use of vaults in mud brick
26. Nush-i Jan,Temple and
Long Stair
case
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24. Nush-i Jan, Temple Drawing
25. Nush-i Jan, Temple Pictures
53. Palace 'P', Pasargadae
56. Pasagardae Central Garden
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55. Pasagardae Column Construction
anathyrosis
greek technique
54. Pasagardae Stones
buildings were used as stone quarries later
42. Pasargadae
earliest remains from the Achaemenid empire
40km north of persepolis
very cold in winter--snows
first explored by Ernst Herrfeld
49. Pasargadae Column Hall Plan
Cornerstones: Antae
corner square rooms
iranian plan
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47. Pasargadae Entrance Reliefs
46. Pasargadae Palace of the Column
52. Pasargadae Palace Reconstruction
extensive use of columns
50. Pasargadae Pillars
inscription mentioning Cyrus in 3 languages-- old persian, elamite, babylonian
I cyrus an achaemenid king
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44. Pasargadae
Ruins
105. Persepolis
515/516 BC Darius started to build Persepolis
larger site than Susa
once Susa was almost complete, Darius started building Persepolis
Persepolis located in Fars
106. Persepolis
diagram
citadel
1 large audience hall-- apadana same size and plan as sua
palace of 100 columns-- bc there were 100 columns
treasury-- has columned halls
built on high platform-- extensive use of columned halls
116. Persepolis
Graffiti
Abacker Coldyben dutch painter scratched his name into the gare, more british graffiti, schulenburg-- ambassador o
Nazi's in Tehran-- grafitis name at gate of all lands
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170. picture of "mountain" is a water source
formed by the sediments
picture of sessanin ruins of takht-e Suleiman
61. picture of base of the Citadel
similar to Greek architecturemudbrick walls
175. picture of lake and map of takht-e Suleiman
channels coming from the lake
warm water-- 20 degrees Celsius
109. picture of persepolis
located at foot of a mountain145. picture of ruined palace-- in firuzabad
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186. picture of small fire temple
84. pictures of susa finds in louve
upper part of columns from Apadana
double bull heads
sometimes use lions
144. plan of firuzabad city
tunnel/channel to move water
kings palace was outside the city
136. Qaleh Dokhtar Pictures
I'm pretty sure this is Ardishir's castle.
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134. Qaleh Dokhtar, Firuzabad
aerial view, valley, river in middle
135. Qaleh Dokhtar, Firuzabad diagram
earliest domes on a square building
137. Qaleh Dokhtar, Firuzabad, engraving by Forsat Shirazi in Asar-e Ajam
86. reconstruction of audience hall @ susa
stone columns,
mud brick walls
89. reconstruction of courtyard of palace at susa
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103. reconstruction of the palace at Susa (Darius)
4 interior courtyards, small residence, built on mud brick raised platform-- gla
slanted edges
179. reconstruction of tower for tourists @ takht-e
suleiman
87. relief of the Immortals at Susa
glazed bricks
decorated interior courtyards and rooms of palace
58. remains of building Zendan
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59. replication of what Zendan would have looked like
Greeks say it is a coronation center
128. Sasanian archeology has: architetural remains
objects
inscriptions and texts
there is a lot of this
information
121. The Sasanian empire Map
(in yellow)
empire that replaced parthian empire
sasanian centered in Fars
cits of istar-- no monumental remains found
95. section east of apadana-- Susa achaemenid period
found remains of later periods
found a lifesize statue of darius
headless statue-- couldn't find the head
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36. settlement pattern of 5th/6th
century BC
top= Fars IX
bottom= Khuzestan X
7. Shalmanesar III
Son of Ashurnasirpal II, first met in expedition to the east meeting the persians (844 BC) and
then the medes (836 BC)
152. Shapur I (242-271)
Shapur I 242-271
son of Ardashir
called shapur the great-- because he fought against the romans
most sassanian coins in silver, east roman coins were in gold
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167. shapur statue,
carved out of stalactite in a cave, 5 km southwest of Bishapur
159. Shushatr, Sasanian bridge
177. south gate of site takht-e
Suleiman
and reconstruction of south gate
149. squinches
squinches: help put dome on square building
bottom right image is the pantheon in Rome, built in 35 BC--dome on circular building invented
romans
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97. stature made in egypt
on pedestal symbol of lower and upper egypt
Darius dressed in persian, persian dagger
stone from quarry in egypt
88. Susa Art achaemenid period
sphynx and lion
98. symbol of lower and upper egypt on statue of Darius
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176. takht-e Suleiman diagram
1st period: sassanian and 2 temple complexes, 1 large palace
2nd period, mongols summer palace
187. takht-e Suleiman view from lake
139. Tangab, Firuzabad, investiture of Ardashir
receiving ring from his god
140. Tangab, Firuzabad, victory of Ardashir over Artban V
20 metres long rock relievesimilar armor
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193. taq-e kasra, ctesiphon diagram
191. Taq-e Kasra, Ctesiphon, 1888
6th century palace, east side of tigris
made from fired brick
192. Taq-e Kasra, Ctesiphon, photos
taken by Herzfeld in the 1920s
largest arch of its kind
70. technique of anathyrosis
technique of anathyrosis
column shafted
and traces of toothed chisel
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20. Tepe Nush-i Jan
located on natural hill, 38 meters high:4 major buildings:storage area, temple,
columned hall, another small temple
21. Tepe Nush-i Jan- Side View
small valley in the mountains
the medes were made of tribal chiefs controlling a couple of fortresses
west of the Alvand mountain
151. terbal, firuzabad (tower and
reconstruction diagram)
there was a staircase surrounding it
91. text found in 1970s-- a foundation
deposits
Foundation
table,
Apadana,
Elamite
version
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142. text from 11th
century-- about
construction of
firuzabad
alexander the
great never went
to firuzabad
At the time when Alexander the Great was overcoming all these lands, he found himself unable to conquer this
place, for on all sides you had to descend to it by passes. Thereupon he caused the river to be turned from its bed,
and directed its course so as to flow over the city, whereby he laid it in ruin, and made the place a lake. Ardashir
Babakan wished to drain the lake dry, in order to restore the city to its former state. Burazah, his engineer, cut a
tunnel in the high bank, and when the water began to pour through he bound a chain about his waits to keep
himself in
safety, but water had such power that the chain snapped, and so he perished. Now this tunnel in the lapse of tim
has fallen in, and it has become a gully. Thus king Ardashir restored the city, calling it by the name of Ardashir
Khurah. Later it was rebuilt by Azad al-Dowlah, who renamed itFiruzabad. Hamdullah Mostowfi, The Geographical Part of Nuzahat al-Qolub, pp. 116-117
168. timeline Ardashir (224-241): Put an end to the Parthian kingdom; wars against the Romans; political reform; economic
reforms, religious reform; organization of a strong army
Shapur I (241-271): Wars with the Roman empire; war against of the Kushans in the east; new foundations in
Khuzestan (Jundishapur, Shushtar); his meetingwith Mani; rise of Kartir.
Shapur II (309-379): War with the Arabs in the south; conquest of Indian territories; conquest of Caucasus; war
with Rome; limitation of the religious power of priests. But, the persecution of Christians in reaction to the Roma
empire's policy. New foundations like Eyvan-e Karkha near Susa.
Vahram V (421-438): War against the Hephtalites in the east.
Kavad (488-531): War against the East Romans with the help of the Huns and Hephtalites. The rise of the
Mazdak.
Khosrow I (531-579): War and peace with the Byzantines. Economic reforms; suppression of the Mazdakids.
Constructions at Ctesiphon and Takht-e Suleiman
Khosrow II (590-628) : Military operations against the Byzantines . Capture of Syria and the Levant, capture of
Jerusalem (614), Alexandria (619), Egypt (621). Constantinople was besieged in 626. Counteroffensive of the
Byzantines under Haraklius. Capture and destruction of Aturgushnasp (Takht-e Suleiman).
153. timeline of events 240: Coronation
242: First Roman war against GordianGordian was killed, Philip the Arab swore friendship and concluded a treaty
252: Second war with Rome over the control of Armenia and Anatolia
260: Third war with Rome, capture of Valerian, Roman emperor, in Edessa on the
Euphrates, north of Syria.
- His encounter with Mani, policy of tolerance towards others religions
- Rising of priestly power of Kartir, chief-priest of the state religion.
171. timeline of
visitors to takht-e
suleiman
1900: Williams Jackson gave a detailed description of Takht-e Suleiman
1935: Aerial photography by Erich Schmidt
1937: Survey and exploration by Arthur Upham Pope and Donald Wilber
on behalf of the American Institute for Iranian Art and Archaeology
1944: Minorsky's article: the identification of the site with Parthian Phraaspa
1958: Hans Henning von der Osten and Rudolf Naumann visited the site1959-1979: Excavations by the German Archaeological Institute
1998-2004: Restorations by the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization.
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62. tomb of Cyrus
solated monument today
south of plain, near gorge
made of stone-- pictures taken in 1920s
in medieval times it was a mosque
the tomb of solomon's mother
69. Toothed chisel tools
from Nylander's book
indicator for dates-- help date pasagarde
tool invented in Greece in 550 BC
introduced in Iran by Darius after 520 BC
(cyrus didn't have these tools)
132. view from qaleh dokhtar
view from maiden castle
94. view of palace-- picture middle building is #3 on diagram
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172. view of water source
zendan suleiman (drawing)-- not important to sassanian takht-e suleiman
115. view/reconstruction of large staircase
monumental gate and apadana
138. views from firuzabad
173. views of village near takht-e Suleiman
178. views of wall and lake
retaining wall, stone and mortar
takht-e Suleiman, not original height-- soil needs to be removed
right image:picture of retaining wall, surrounded by stone
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83. William Kenneth Loftus
british archeologist
briefly excavated Susa in 1851
45. winged figure-- possibly Cyrus
description in 3 languages: old persian, elamite, and babylonian
elimite dress, egyptian crown
representing the regions of the empire