Download - Filhum 2 aliran n mazhab filhum
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Oleh : Diandra P. Ramada
FILSAFAT HUKUM
Ragam Aliran & Mazhab
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YunaniKaum Sofist justice is the interest of the
strongerPericles kepatuhan yg diperoleh hanya dg
paksaan, adl bkn hukum, sekalipun diberlakukan oleh kekuasaan yg sah
Socrates keadilan berlaku bagi seluruh masyarakat
Plato ide rasional yg dirumuskan dlm keputusan negara hukum = sesuatu yg benar
Aristoteles hukum adl ketertiban (kebajikan moral)
*Zaman Klasik*
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RomawiKaum Stoa hukum merupakan keadilan yg
universalCicero MENOLAK hukum positif adl
merupakan standar keadilan bahkan jika hukum itu diterima secara adil
Hukum bkn sekedar ekspresi kemauan dan intuisi manusia, melainkan sesuatu
yg dipahami dan dipatuhi secara rasional
*Zaman Klasik*
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Ragam Aliran & Mazhab
Filsafat Hukum
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Wolfgang Friedmann A tale of mankind for absolute justice
Hukum berlaku universal dan abadi 3 kredo utama :
a. otoritas ilahi dlm hukumb. supremasi moral atas hukumc. hubungan ilahi, kodrat manusia & hukum
1. Hukum Alam
Hukum Alam
irrasional
rasional
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Kodrat manusia sbg citra ilahi (das bild gottes) hukum alam adl “pola ilahi”St. Agustinus1. Jus Divinum 3. Jus Gentium2. Jus Humana 4. Jus Civile
St. Thomas Aquino1. Lex Aeterna2. Lex Divina3. Lex Naturalis4. Lex Humana/Positivis
Hukum alam irrasional
Principia Prima
Principia Secundaria
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Hukum berasal dari rasio manusia, bukan rasio tuhan
Identify a moral compass to guide the law making power of the state and promoted the good
Hugo de Groot / Grotius rasio manusia merupakan sumber satu2nya hukum
Immanuel Kant hukum alam bersumber dari “ketegorische imparetive”
Hukum alam rasional
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Hukum adl kenyataan yuridis (legisme) Negara/penguasa satu2nya sumber hukum MENOLAK supremasi moral atas hukum Sistem logis, tetap dan tertutupJohn Austin law is commands, backed by
threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience
Hans Kelsen hkm hrs bersih dari anasir2 yg tdk yuridis Hukum merupakan sollen-yuridis, bkn das sein
2. Legal Positivism
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MENOLAK otoritas tunggal negara sbg pembuat hukum
Negara adl alat yg diciptakan oleh suatu kelompok utk mempertahankan supremasinya atas kelompok lain
Leon Duguit hukum lahir dari solidaritas sosial masyarakat dlm hubungan ekonomi (produksi-distribusi) “Masyarakat karya” solidaritas sosial (keharusan sosial & keadilan) “hukum karya sosial”
Georges Gurvitch fait normatif hukum sosial asli hukum positif
3. Neo Positivism
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Jeremy Bentham Prinsip “manusia pemburu kebahagiaan” Hukum yg baik adl hukum yg memberikan kebahagiaan Individual utilitarianism
Rudolf von Jhering Prinsip = hub. ant. Kepentingan2 Hukum merupakan hasil fusi kepentingan (Balancing of interest) Social utilitarianism
4. Utilitarianism
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Hukum terekonstruksi dalam proses sejarah suatu masyarakat (peculiar form of social life)
Frederich Carl von Savigny hukum berakar pd jiwa rakyat (volksgeist) Hukum tdk dibuat, tp tumbuh & berkembang bersama masyarakat Kodifikasi menghambat perkembangan hukum
5. Legal Historian Schools
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Karl Marx corak ekonomi (infrastruktur) memberi pengaruh pd suprastruktur (sos,bud,pol,hukum,dll) Hukum adl alat legitimasi kelas tertentu Hukum harus jd alat perjuangan egalitarian utk menciptakan masyarakat sosialis yg adil
Marxian hukum bkn lembaga obyektif, bkn institusi yg netral & bebas nilai Hukum adl wujud kepentingan dr kelas ‘berpunya’ Hukum membungkus konflik kelas (disequality & disequilibrium)
6. Legal Marxism
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Frankfurt Schools hukum oleh penguasa dikampanyekan sbg penjaga stabilitas, dg agenda tersembunyi mempertahankan status quo
Lanjutan…
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Hukum yg baik adl hukum yg sesuai dg hukum yg hidup dlm masyarakat (living law)
Hukum adl pengalaman yg diatur & dikembangkan oleh akal (rasio)
Roscoe Pound “hukum tdk boleh dibiarkan mengawang dlm konsep logis-analitis, ataupun tenggelam dlm ungkapan teknis-yuridis yg terlampau eksklusif” Law as a tool of social engineering menata kepentingan2 yg ada dlm masyarakat Hukum tdk memberi kepuasan, tp memberi legitimasi atas kepentingan manusia utk mendapat kepuasan
7. Sociological Jurisprudence
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Konsepsi mengenai hukum yg berubah2 sbg alat utk mencapai tujuan sosial
Realisme cara berpikir & cara bekerja hukum
Keunikan suatu kasus jd patokan, bkn aturan tertulis
John Chipman Gray “all the law is ‘judgemade’ law”
Oliver Wendell Holmes ‘the bad men’ theory “the life of the law has not been logic, it has been experience”
8. (Pragmatic) Legal Realism
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SELESAI