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Feeding Livestock
Glen K. Fukumoto University of Hawaii at Mānoa
Palau Livestock Management Academy
March 21-25, 2011
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Outline
• Nutrients
• Nutrient components in feeds
• Nutrient requirements at various stages
of growth and production
• Feeds
• Pearson’s Square
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Nutrients
• Fresh Water
• Energy
• Protein
• Vitamins
• Minerals
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Fresh Water
• Required for:
• Temperature regulation
• Nutrient and Waste transport
• Metabolic processes
• Lubrication
• Milk production
• Lost from body through: skin, lungs, intestines,
kidneys
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Energy
• Required for:
• Maintenance
• Growth
• Energy fractions:
• Carbohydrates
• soluble (starch, sugar),
• insoluble (fiber)
• Fats & Oils
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Protein
• Required for:
• Maintenance
• Growth (muscle mass)
• Lactation
• High protein feeds include:
• beans, legumes, meat & fish products
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Vitamins & Minerals • Required for many diverse functions in the body.
• Vitamins
• organic compounds
• Fat soluble - A, D, E, K
• Water Soluble - B (9), C
• Minerals
• inorganic compounds
• Macro - Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, Mg, S
• Micro - Zn, Mn, Se, Co, Cu, I, Fe
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Feed
Moisture Dry Matter
Nutrient Components in
Feed
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Feed
Moisture Dry Matter
Organic
Matter
Inorganic
Matter
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Feed
Moisture
Carbohydrates
Total Nitrogen
Dry Matter
Minerals
Organic
Matter
Inorganic
Matter
Fats & Oils
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Feed
Moisture
Carbohydrates
Total Nitrogen
Dry Matter
Minerals
Organic
Matter
Inorganic
Matter
Fats & Oils
Insoluble
Soluble
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Feed
Moisture
Carbohydrates
Total Nitrogen
Dry Matter
Minerals
Organic
Matter
Inorganic
Matter
Fats & Oils
Insoluble
Soluble Starch & Sugar
Dry Matter
Ash
Ether Extract
Crude Protein
Fiber
(NDF, ADF, Cellulose, Lignin)
Lab Analyses
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Animal Nutrient Requirements
... varies with stage of growth
• Young, post wean
• Growing stage
• Finishing stage
• Breeding Stock
• Lactation
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Laying Hens
Crude Protein %
Weekly Intake, ounces
20% 18%
15% 14.5%
2 oz
9 oz
16 oz
26 oz
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Meat Birds, Broilers
Crude Protein %
Weekly Intake, ounces
23% 20%
18%
4.2 oz
13.8 oz
38.6 oz
46.6 oz
26.1 oz
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Pork Production
Crude Protein %
Daily Intake, pounds
24%
20%
18%
0.6 lbs 2.1 lbs
6.8 lbs
13% 13%
4.2 lbs
11.6 lbs
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Beef Production
Crude Protein %
DM Intake, pounds
16.4% 14.3%
12.3%
6.2 lbs
10.8 lbs
17.9 lbs
11.1% 9.4%
20.9lbs 23.1 lbs
9.1%
Live Weight, lbs
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Feedstoc
k
Dry
Matter, %
Energy
kcal/kg
Crude
Protein,
%
EE, %
Corn 88 3,530 8.5 3.6
Soy BM 90 3,490 44.0 1.1
Meat &
Bone
Meal
94 2,540 51 9.7
Alfalfa 92 1,880 17.4 2.8
Typical feedstocks
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Feedstock Dry Matter,
%
Energy
kcal/kg
Crude
Protein, % EE, %
Banana
stem 6-25 Low carb 2.8 1.2
Banana
fruit 74 2,693 4.0 0.8
Food
waste 43.2 - 10.3 7.2
Cassava
root 33 Hi carb 2.6 1.0
Coconut 24.1 Hi fat 6.9 38.1
Sweet
potato 29.2 Hi carb 4.4 0.6
Tropical Feedstuffs, Reference, FAO, 1991
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Grubs, Maggots, Worms
Soldier fly larvae
40-42% CP
34-35% fat Bio-Pod
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Ke kmal mesulang