![Page 1: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-
Plastic Laminates Using
Waste Paper
Taiwan Forestry Research Institute
Chin-Yin Hwang
2007 IUFRO ALL DIVISION 5 CONFERENCE
11-02-2007 Taipei, Taiwan
![Page 2: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Some Statistics. . . . .
0
20
40
60
80
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
(%)
1
Waste Paper Recovery Rate in Taiwan
(Taiwan Paper Industry Association, 2007)
69.7
![Page 3: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Paper Recycling Procedures. . . .
1
Collection
Classification
Disintegration
Washing
Deinking
Cleansing
Bleaching
Forming
Drying
2
![Page 4: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Some Questions. . . . .
3
![Page 5: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Some Questions. . . . .
Is there other options for Paper Recycling?
3
![Page 6: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Some Questions. . . . .
Is there other options for Paper Recycling?
Can other materials be reclaimed from the waste stream and combined with waste papers?
3
![Page 7: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Some Questions. . . . .
Is there other options for Paper Recycling?
Can other materials be reclaimed from the waste stream and combined with waste papers?
Is woodfiber plastic composites a possibility?
3
![Page 8: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Some Problems with Woodfiber Plastic Composites
Reduction in Composite S
trength
Inherent H Bond
Agglomeration of wood fibers
Heterogeneous fiber dispersion
Inferior interfacial adhesion
Vigorous mixing
Reduced fiber aspect ratio
Reduced fiber strength
4
![Page 9: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Why Paper-Plastic Laminates?
• Avoid elaborated paper recycling procedures….
• Reduce agglomeration b/w fiber and plastic
• Preserve aspect ratio of fiber
• Preserve H-bond of paper
5
![Page 10: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
How PPL is Made?
+ Interleaving
Hot Press
+Impregnation
orCoating
SheetFormation
+
6
![Page 11: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
How PPL is Made?
+ Interleaving
Hot Press
+Impregnation
orCoating
SheetFormation
+
6
![Page 12: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Material
• Paper: office paper
• Plastic: PE films, 0.03mm, 0.06mm, 0.09mm
NP, Not-Printed P, Printed
V, Virgin R, Recycled
7
![Page 13: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Factors of Interest. . . . .
• Paper type (P, NP)
• Plastic type (V, R)
• Plastic film thickness (0.03, 0.06, 0.09 mm)
8
![Page 14: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Methods: preparation
+
OVEN
NP-R-3
NP-R-6
NP-R-9
NP-V-3
NP-V-6
NP-V-9
P-R-3
P-R-6
P-R-9
P-V-3
P-V-6
P-V-9
HP
IL
9
![Page 15: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Typical Hot Press Scheme
10
cool off
0
50
100
150
200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (min)
Tem
pera
ture
(C)
set temperature
response temp.
![Page 16: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Methods:
• Flexural Properties (MORb, MOEb)• Tensile Properties (MORt, MOEt)• Notched Izod Impact Bending• Hardness (Shore D)• Heat Deflection Temperature
Mechanical Properties
11
![Page 17: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sample Preparation SchemeFlexural
Izod
Hardness
Tensile
HDT12
![Page 18: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Resulting PPLs
13
• Treatment combination: 12• Replicate: 5• Sp/Gr: 0.93 to 1.05 gm cm-3
• Compaction ratio: 1.17 to 1.23 • Fiber loading: 48, 60, and 72%
![Page 19: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Rb
(M
Pa
)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Flexural Properties - MORb
44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa, overall avg 56.1 MPa
14
![Page 20: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Rb
(M
Pa
)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Flexural Properties - MORb
44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa, overall avg 56.1 MPa
14
Different trends with different plastic groups
NP-R, P-R decreased with increasing plastic film thickness
NP-V, P-V showed highest MORb at 0.06mm
![Page 21: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Rb
(M
Pa
)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Flexural Properties - MORb
44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa
14
44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa, overall avg 56.1 MPa
PPL 39.1~56.2 MPa (Michell et al. (1978) )
![Page 22: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Rb
(M
Pa
)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Flexural Properties - MORb
44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa
14
44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa, overall avg 56.1 MPa
5.9~39.6 MPa
(Woodfiber-PE composites)
![Page 23: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Rb
(M
Pa
)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Flexural Properties - MORb
44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa
14
44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa, overall avg 56.1 MPa
5.9~39.6 MPa
(Woodfiber-PE composites)
1.41 times
![Page 24: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
0
2
4
6
8
10
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Eb
(G
Pa)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Flexural Properties - MOEb
4.2 ~ 7.3 GPa, overall avg 5.39 GPa
15
![Page 25: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
0
2
4
6
8
10
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Eb
(G
Pa)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Flexural Properties - MOEb
4.2 ~ 7.3 GPa, overall avg 5.39 GPa
15
Similar trends with the corresponding MORb results, except
that P-V remained unaffected at all PLFT levels.
i.e., NP-R, P-R decreased with increasing plastic film thickness
NP-V showed highest MOEb at 0.06mm
![Page 26: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
0
2
4
6
8
10
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Eb
(G
Pa)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Flexural Properties - MOEb
4.2 ~ 7.3 GPa, overall avg 5.39 GPa
15
PPL 5.8~7.6 GPa (Michell et al. (1978) )
![Page 27: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
0
2
4
6
8
10
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Eb
(G
Pa)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Flexural Properties - MOEb
4.2 ~ 7.3 GPa, overall avg 5.39 GPa
15
0.8~3.6 GPa
(Woodfiber-PE composites)
![Page 28: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
0
2
4
6
8
10
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Eb
(G
Pa)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Flexural Properties - MOEb
4.2 ~ 7.3 GPa, overall avg 5.39 GPa
15
0.8~3.6 GPa
(Woodfiber-PE composites)
1.49 times
![Page 29: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Rt
(MP
a)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Tensile Properties - MORt
16
30.4 and 56.9 MPa, overall avg 39.9 MPa
![Page 30: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Rt
(MP
a)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Tensile Properties - MORt
16
30.4 and 56.9 MPa, overall avg 39.9 MPa
Different trends with different paper types
NP-V, NP-R decreased with increasing plastic film thickness
P-V, P-R showed highest MORt at 0.06 mm
![Page 31: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Rt
(MP
a)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Tensile Properties - MORt
16
30.4 and 56.9 MPa, overall avg 39.9 MPa
10.0~27.0 MPa
(Woodfiber-PE composites)
![Page 32: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Rt
(MP
a)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Tensile Properties - MORt
16
30.4 and 56.9 MPa, overall avg 39.9 MPa
10.0~27.0 MPa
(Woodfiber-PE composites)
![Page 33: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Rt
(MP
a)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Tensile Properties - MORt
16
30.4 and 56.9 MPa, overall avg 39.9 MPa
10.0~27.0 MPa
(Woodfiber-PE composites)
1.48 times
![Page 34: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Et
(GP
a)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Tensile Properties - MOEt
17
45.6 ~86.2 GPa, overall avg 62.4GPa
![Page 35: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Et
(GP
a)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Tensile Properties - MOEt
17
45.6 ~86.2 GPa, overall avg 62.4GPa
No specific trend was found
![Page 36: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Et
(GP
a)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Tensile Properties - MOEt
17
45.6 ~86.2 GPa, overall avg 62.4GPa
1.0~2.7 GPa
(Woodfiber-PE composites)
![Page 37: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
MO
Et
(GP
a)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
Tensile Properties - MOEt
17
45.6 ~86.2 GPa, overall avg 62.4GPa
1.0~2.7 GPa
(Woodfiber-PE composites)
23 times???
![Page 38: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Notched Izod Impact Properties
18
0
100
200
300
400
500
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
Izo
d Im
pac
t (J
/m)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
139.2~371.0 J/ m
![Page 39: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Notched Izod Impact Properties
18
0
100
200
300
400
500
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
Izo
d Im
pac
t (J
/m)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
139.2~371.0 J/ m
Different trends with different paper types
NP-V, NP-R showed highest Izod at 0.06 mm
P-V, P-R showed no specific trend
![Page 40: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Notched Izod Impact Properties
18
0
100
200
300
400
500
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
Izo
d Im
pac
t (J
/m)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
139.2~371.0 J/ m
14~27 J/m (Woodfiber-PE composites)
![Page 41: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Notched Izod Impact Properties
18
0
100
200
300
400
500
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
Izo
d Im
pac
t (J
/m)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
139.2~371.0 J/ m
14~27 J/m (Woodfiber-PE composites)
>5 times
![Page 42: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Hardness
19
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
Ha
rdn
ess
(Sh
ore
D)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
64.2 ~72.6
50 Shore D
Commercial LDPE
![Page 43: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Hardness
19
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
Ha
rdn
ess
(Sh
ore
D)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
64.2 ~72.6
50 Shore D
Commercial LDPE
Different trends with different paper types
NP-V, NP-R showed lowest hardness at 0.09 mm
P-V, P-R seemed to converge at 0.06 mm
![Page 44: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Heat Deflection Temperature
20
100
110
120
130
140
150
0.03 0.06 0.09
Plastic Film Thickness (mm)
He
at D
efl
ecti
on
Tem
per
atu
re (
oC
)
NP-R NP-V P-R P-V
HTD of LDPE: 47.0~50.0℃
121.6 ~130.0
![Page 45: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Limitations
21
• Size and shape (length, width, thickness)• Processability (higher stiffness, HDT)• Anisotropy • Durability unknown• Applications
![Page 46: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Conclusion
22
MORb, MOEb, MORt,and Izod of PPLs were better than re
ported WPCs.
The PPLs prepared in this study exhibited 1.5-times the fle
xural strength and stiffness and 5-times the notched Izod i
mpact strength over extruded woodflour-plastic composites.
Except for tensile stiffness, all the other mechanical propert
ies of the PPLs were affected by interactions among the 3 f
actors.
![Page 47: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Conclusion
22
PPLs with the same plastic type tended to show s
imilar trends in flexural properties, whereas PPLs
with the same paper type tended to exhibit similar
trends in tensile strength at break, Izod impact str
ength, and hardness.
![Page 48: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Conclusion
22
These results indicate that PPLs may be a viable
alternative method of paper recycling. However, f
urther studies to address the long-term performan
ce of PPLs under extreme conditions are recomm
ended.
Feasibility of developing PPL as a paper recycling
alternative seems to be encouraging.
![Page 49: Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568144e1550346895db1ac74/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
tHE eND
Questions?