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Farmscaping with Cover Crops
or Insectary Plants for Pest
ManagementKoon-Hui Wang, Ph.D.
University of Hawaii
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Alternatives to pesticides are in need
• Insecticide resistant pest populations are increasing.o Bt only kill 25-33% of Bt-resistant
diamondback moth compare to 100% kill of the susceptible population (Tabasnik 1990).
• Some insect pests are cryptic o pickleworm
• Effective fruit flies management require area-wide collaboration (Vargas et al., 2008).
• For organic farmers, lack of effective OMRI certified insecticide for an effective pesticide rotation program.
(Tabashnik et al. 2008)
Bt crop
Bt resistant insect species
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Farmscaping with
• Insectary plants
• Cover crops
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Plants that attract insects, either by producing abundant flowers with pollen and nectar for beneficial insects, or by luring insect pests away from the cash crop.
Hoverflies on buckwheat and cilantro
Sunn hemp flowers attracts Lycaenidae butterflies that drawn Trichogramma wasps to lay eggs on the Lepidopteran eggs.
Uhaloa attracts wasps and bees
Lady beetles on Aweoweo
Insectary Plants
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Functions of insectary plants• Provide nectar and pollen for many beneficial insects which are
critical for the survival, development and reproductive success of
many natural enemy species such as hoverflies and parasitoids
(Cowgill et al., 1993; Lavandero et al., 2005; Hogg et al., 2011),
• Ground cover type insectary plants provide habitats for ground
surface arthropods, which are food for spiders (Taylor and
Pfannenstiel, 2008).
• Some plants produce Extra-Floral Nectaries (nectar glands not
associated with flowers). Parasitic and predatory insects use extrafloral
nectaries as food sources and mating sites during periods when few
plants are in bloom (drought or early spring). Peonies, sweet potato,
bachelor button and lima bean are examples of plants with extrafloral
nectaries located on various parts of the plant.
http://www.extension.org/pages/18573/farmscaping:-making-use-of-natures-pest-management-services#.UuPnarRujIU
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Extra-floral Nectarines
• Extra-Floral Nectarines = nectar glands not associated with flowers.
• Good for attracting beneficial insects when most flowers are not in bloom.
Partridge pea
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Parasitic /Parasitoid of Insect Pests
• Tachinid fly larvae are
endoparasites (internal
parasites) of caterpillars of
butterflies and moths, larvae and
adult of beetles, and etc.
• Trichogramma wasps: Female
wasps inject their own eggs into
the egg of > 200 spp. of insect
pests (mostly moths or
butterflies), and her larvae
consume the embryo and other
contents of the egg.
Tachinid fly
(J.K. Clark UC IPM Project)
Trichogrammawasps lay eggs on an corn earworm egg.
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Braconid Wasp
• The Braconid wasp is among the most important of the aphid parasites, as well as, the larvae of butterflies, Sawflies, moths and many beetles. If you see any hornworms or caterpillars with cocoons covering it, don't remove it from your garden, it has been parasitized. This wasp will attack various caterpillars or aphids. The adults feed on the nectar from the flowers of weeds and flowers of the daisy (Chrysanthemum) and carrot (Umbellifers) families.
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Lady beetle (Cycloneda sp.)
• The lady beetle, both the larvae and adult, eat aphids, scales, and mealybugs.
Plants that attract lady beetle:
Marigolds
Mexican Teaw (Chenopodium ambrosioides)
Morning Glory (Convolvulus minor)
Oleander (Nerium oleander)
Yarrow (Achillea spp.)
Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum)
(Picture: Forest & Kim Starr)
http://www.organicgardeninfo.com/beneficial-insectary-plants.html
Mexican Teaw
(Chenopodiumambrosioides)
HainaAi V15: Not all lady beetles are created equalhttp://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/WangKH/Downloads/LB-Poster.pdf
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Green Lacewing (Chrysopa sp.)
• The lacewings, both the adult and the larvae eat aphids, various larvae and the eggs of other insects.
http://www.organicgardeninfo.com/beneficial-insectary-plants.html
Plants attract lacewing
Carrot (Daucus sp.)
Oleander (Nerium oleander)
Red Cosmos
Wild Lettuce (Lactuca sp.)
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Hover Fly
• Syrphid (Hover) fly larvae feed
on soft-bodied insects,
particularly aphids. Adults feed
on pollen, nectar, or aphids’
honeydew.
Hoverflies on cilantroHoverflies on
buckwheat
Hoverfly larva eating an aphid
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Minute Pirate Bug (Orius sp.)
Adult, and nymph of minute pirate bug will
eat aphids, spider mites, thrips, small caterpillars.
Macaranga plant
Thrips are always found associated with flowers of macaranga plant in Hawaii. Thrips help pollinate the flowers, but also serve as preys of minute pirate bugs. Thus, minute pirate bugs are commonly found on macaranga flowers, especially the male flowers.
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Criteria of Ideal Insectary Plants
• Attractiveness to beneficial insects present in the agroecosystem
• Early and long blooming period
• Low potential to host crop viruses or attract pest species
• Low potential to become weeds
• Low seed cost and easy establishment
• Ability to trap or lure insect pests from cash crop, while attracting
natural enemies of insect pests to feed on the target preys
(Hogg et al., 2011)
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Farmscaping
• FARMSCAPING is designing and managing farm landscapes to achieve a specific purpose, such as creating habitat for beneficial arthropods that provide crop pollination or crop protection, rotating crops to break pest cycles or enhance on-farm diversity, or managing buffers to protect water quality or reduce soil erosion.
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Farmscaping to Enhance Biodiversity
Insectary plant corridors penetrate the vineyard,
contiguous with the adjacent natural vegetation.
The corridors serve beneficial insects both as a
habitat and a “biological highway,” allowing
them to move from their refugia in non-
agricultural areas deep into the vineyard
(Nicholls, Parrella, and Altieri, 2000).
Monoculture production has lead to low biodiversity in agroecosystem.
Low plant biodiversity often resulted in low diversity and abundance of natural enemies.
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How to Integrate insectary plants Into farms?
1. As border crop
2. As intercrop
Sunn hemp and corn
Buckwheat and zucchini
3. Insectary plant corridors(Nicholls, Parrella, and Altieri, 2000)
4. Sunn hemp no-till (surface mulch) &Cowpea & buckwheat as border crop in onion plot
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Buckwheat attracts
hoverflies
Sunn hemp attracts
Trichogramma wasps
Wasp nesting block
attracts keyhole wasps
1. Insectary Border For Hydroponic/ Aquaponics Production
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WASPS NESTING BLOCK
Aphid-collecting
Wasp
http://bugguide.net/node/view/241212
Key-hole Wasp
PredatorsPollinators
Leaf cutter bee
Hylaeus bee Untreated wood
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COMPARING INSECTARY
SETTINGS AND METALLIC
REPELLANT FOR
HYDROPONIC BRASSICA
Diamondback
moth larva
Imported cabbage
worm larva
Imported cabbage
web worm larva
AphidsWhiteflies
Insectary
Metalic board
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Beneficial Insects Found In
Insectary Treatment
Hoverfly larvae
eating an aphid
DBM pupae
parasitized by
parasitoid wasp
Parasitized aphids Hoverfly eggs
among aphids
Trichogramma wasp
Insectary setting suppressed aphids and caterpillar damage
Caterpillar damage
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
3/14/13 3/28/13 4/11/13 4/25/13
InsectaryMetallicControl%
Th
rip
sd
am
ag
e/p
lan
t
A
B
BB
A
A
AA
C
B
B
Insectary Settings Reduced
Unmarketable Pak Choi, but did not
protect it against Thrips and
Whitefl ies
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2. As inter-crop
a. Low living mulch
b. Tall living mulch
4. Surface organic mulch
3. Insectary corridor
How to Integrate insectary plants Into farms?
1. As border crop
Buckwheat and zucchini
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Virus Sink Hypothesis
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Sunn hemp serves as trap crop for whiteflies,
thus reducing silverleaf symptomatic zucchini
Zucchini intercropped with sunn hemp. Zucchini in bare ground
Silverleaf symptom
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Effect of Sunn Hemp Living Mulch on Silver leaf and Viral
Symptomatic Plants on Zucchini
Bareground Sunnhemp
Mean
silve
r le
af
infe
sta
tio
n r
ate
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
21 DAP
28 DAP
35 DAP
Silver Leaf Symptomatic Plants
Bareground Sunnhemp
% o
f p
lan
ts w
ith
vir
us
sym
pto
ms
0
20
40
60
80
21 DAP
28 DAP
35 DAP
Plants showing viral symptom
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2. As inter-crop
a. Low living mulch
b. Tall living mulch
4. Surface organic mulch
3. Insectary corridor
How to Integrate insectary plants Into farms?
1. As border crop
Buckwheat and zucchini
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Intercrop as Living Mulch
• Lycaenidae butterfly is a common
pest of sunn hemp. It lays eggs on
sunn hemp flower. However, this
attracts Trichogramma wasp to come
and parasitize Lycaenidae eggs.
• Thus, sunn hemp act indirectly as an
insectary plants for this parasitic
wasp, Trichogramma.
Lycaenidae butterfly on sunn hemp
Wang, K.-H.
(J.K. Clark UC IPM Project)
Trichogrammawasps lay eggs on a corn earworm egg.
Eggs of Lycaenidae being parasitized by Trichogrammainside sunn hemp flower
Sunn hemp
(Roshan Manandhar)
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3. Intercropping SH with Corn
• If sunn hemp is intercropping with corn so that sunn
hemp blooms during the time when corn are establishing,
% parasitism of corn ear worms by Trichogramma is
significantly increased compared to corn planted in the
bare ground (Manandhar, personal communication).
Better timing on flowering
(Roshan Manandhar)
Sunn hemp intercropping with corn
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2. As inter-crop
a. Low living mulch
b. Tall living mulch
4. Surface organic mulch
3. Insectary corridor
How to Integrate insectary plants Into farms?
1. As border crop
Buckwheat and zucchini
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4. Insectary border & Surface Organic Mulch
Hover flies on
buckwheat flower
Cowpea and buckwheat serve as insectary bordersSunn hemp terminated by flail mowing serve as surface organic mulch
SH (No-till) SHSol
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Insectary border & Surface Organic Mulch
0
20
40
60
Thrips Leaf miner Purple blotch
% D
am
ag
e BG
SH (No-Till)
SHSol
Sol
Contrast Analysis PSH vs NoSH 0.05Till vs No-Till 0.05
Contrast Analysis PSH vs NoSH 0.01Till vs No-Till 0.01
Contrast Analysis PSH vs NoSH NSTill vs No-Till 0.05
% Damage = % leaves with damage symptom
BG = bare ground/till/insecticides spray; SH = sunn hemp cover cropping/no-till/insectary borders; Sol = till/solarization; SHSol = sunn hemp cover cropping/till/solarization (with insectary borders)
Reduced insect pests and purple blotch caused by water splashing of Alternaria porri.
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Insectary border & Surface Organic Mulch
0
5
10
15
Spider Parasitoids Pillbug
BG
SH (No-Till)
SHSol
Sol
Contrast Analysis PSH vs NoSH NSTill vs No-Till 0.05
Contrast Analysis PSH vs NoSH 0.01Till vs No-Till 0.05
Contrast Analysis PSH vs NoSH 0.01Till vs No-Till NS
% Damage = % leaves with damage symptom
BG = bare ground/till/insecticides spray; SH = sunn hemp cover cropping/no-till/insectary borders; Sol = till/solarization; SHSol = sunn hemp cover cropping/till/solarization (with insectary borders)
Increase beneficial arthropods that are natural enemies of pests and helping in nutrient cycling.
No
. in
pit
fall
trap
s/st
icky
tra
p
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Insectary border & Solarization MulchReduced weed seed bank and avoid weed seeds flying in to the green onion plot.
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Insectary border & Surface Organic Mulch
Hover flies on
buckwheat flower
Cowpea and buckwheat serve as insectary borders
SH (No-till) SHSolSolarization reduce weed seed bank.Insectary border reduce weed seeds encroaching from outside the plot.
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Insectary border & Surface Organic Mulch
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Root-knot 2013 Pi Root-knot 2013 Pf PPN 2014 Pi PPN 2014 Pf
BG SH (No-Till) SHSol Sol
Contrast Analysis PSol vs No Sol 0.05Till vs No-Till 0.01
Contrast Analysis PSol vs No Sol 0.01Till vs No-Till 0.05
PPN = Total plant-parasitic nematodes
BG = bare ground/till/insecticides spray; SH = sunn hemp cover cropping/no-till/insectary borders; Sol = till/solarization; SHSol = sunn hemp cover cropping/till/solarization (with insectary borders)
Solarization reduced plant-parasitic nematodes initially, but not at harvest. N
o. n
emat
od
es/2
50 c
m3 so
il
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Insectary border & Surface Organic Mulch
0
20
40
60
80
100
EI 2013 EI 2013 EI 2014
BG
SH (No-Till)
SHSol
Sol
Contrast Analysis PSol vs No Sol 0.05
Contrast Analysis PSH vs No SH 0.01Till vs No-Till 0.01
Contrast Analysis PSH vs No SH 0.05Till vs No-Till 0.05
EI % = % leaves with damage symptomBG = bare ground/till/insecticides spray; SH = sunn hemp cover cropping/no-till/insectary borders; Sol = till/solarization; SHSol = sunn hemp cover cropping/till/solarization (with insectary borders)
Sunn hemp (till or no-till) enriched soil nutrient cycling as indicated by nematode community indices (EI=enrichment index) throughout 2013 onion crop, solarization reduced EI in 2014.
EI
(%)
At planting At harvest Entire crop
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Insectary border & Surface Organic MulchNutrient enrichment and arthropod pest suppression from sunn hemp (till or no-till) with insectary borders improved onion yield.
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Other benefits of insectary plants?
Pollinators visiting sunnhemp flowers
Sweat bee
Carpenter bee
Leaf cutter+ Sweat bee Green bee
Leaf cutter bee
Leaf cutter + honey bee
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Farmscaping with
• Insectary plants
• Cover crops against plant-parasitic nematodes
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Cover Crops with Allelopathic Compounds against Plant-parasitic Nematodes
Brown mustard (Brassica
juncea) -- glucosinolate
Sunn hemp
Crotalaria juncea
-- monocrotarineFrench Marigold
Tagetes patula
-- -terthinyl
Sorghum-sudangrass
-- Dhurrin
T. erecta and T.
polynema are resistant
to root-knot but very
susceptible to reniform
nematodes.
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Biofumigation
‘Caliente 199’ Brown mustard (Brassica juncea)
‘Sod Buster’ Oil radish (Raphanus sativus)
Good for soil health
Tissue maceration allow for myrosinase to hydrolyze glucosinolate and generate isothiocynate gas = Biofumigation
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Mechanisms of Brassicaceae cover crops
against plant-parasitic nematodes
• Biofumigation
• Trap cropping
• Soil health improvement
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Trap Cropping Effect
Terminate cover crop here to trap nematodes
Heat units to reach egg-laying female = 274.5 DD (3.5 wks)
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Trap Cropping
AB Bc b
a
0
5
10
15
20
25
2 4 6
No
. nem
ato
des
/ro
ot
Weeks after inoculation
J4
197 DD 394 DD 584 DD
Ter
min
ate
cov
er c
rop
Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.)
Important to terminate trap crop prior to nematode reaching egg-laying female stage (4-5 weeks after planting mustard or oil radish).
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Biofumigation
Tissue maceration
Soil incorporation
Tarping
Cover cropping for 4-5 weeks
Solarization
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Web resourcesVideos
• Part I: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=BsN_3lC35wg&feature=youtu.be
• Part II: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=1stOru5I-a0&feature=youtu.be
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