Faculty of EngineeringIndustrial Engineering Department
IE 342Human Factors Engineering
IEIE--342342Human Factors EngineeringHuman Factors Engineering
WELCOMEWELCOME
Fall (Fall (20142014//20152015))Prepared ByPrepared By
DrDr. . AbdulrahmanAbdulrahman BasahelBasahel
Instructor at Girl SectionInstructor at Girl SectionDr. Dr. NeyaraNeyara RadwanRadwan
Faculty of EngineeringIndustrial Engineering Department
IE 342Human Factors Engineering
Quiz = 10 MarksAssignments = 10 MarksLab Reports = 15 MarksMidterm Exam = 20 Marks
Final Project = 10 MarksFinal Exam = 35 Marks
Total = 100 Marks
GRADESGRADES
Faculty of EngineeringIndustrial Engineering Department
IE 342Human Factors Engineering
Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Factors
Dr. Abdulrahman Basahel
Faculty of EngineeringIndustrial Engineering Department
IE 342Human Factors Engineering
§ Key Topics § Definition of ergonomics§ Ergonomics Domains§ Types of ergonomic problems§ Ergonomics Objectives
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IE 342Human Factors Engineering
§ Introduction & Backgroundü The word ‘ergonomics’ is derived from the Greek words ‘ergo’ (work) and ‘nomos’ (law).
ü The principles of ergonomics are not limited totraditional occupational environment such as officesand factories, but also covering:
ü Services
ü Health care and
ü Recreational industries.
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IE 342Human Factors Engineering
§ The formal definition of ergonomics/human factors, approved by the IEA (Approved definition of ergonomics)
“Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific disciplineconcerned with understanding of the interactions among humansand other elements of a system, and the profession that appliestheory, principles, data and methods to design, in order tooptimize human well-being and overall system performance”.
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IE 342Human Factors Engineering
ü Generally, there is no differences between Human Factors and Ergonomics concepts and both are accepted terms worldwide.
- Ergonomics word more used in Europe- Human Factors word more used in USA
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IE 342Human Factors Engineering
§ Ergonomics and Safety
§ One of the most important aim of Ergonomics is worker safety by reducing injuries and accident and preventions process.
§ The ergonomist engineer increases safety in different area and ergonomics domains (physical ergonomics, cognitive ergonomics and organizational ergonomics) as presented in the next slides.
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IE 342Human Factors Engineering
1.4.6 Ergonomics DomainsFederation of European Ergonomics Societies (FEES) classified the ergonomics domains into three domains:
1- Physical ergonomics
Physical ergonomics
Working postures
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders
Repetitive movements
Safety and health
Workplace layout and
design
Materials handling
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IE 342Human Factors Engineering
2- Cognitive ergonomics
Cognitive ergonomics
Mental workload
Human–computer
interaction
Skilled performance
Training
Stress
Decision making
CSU, 2010, (http://www.today.colostate.edu/story.aspx?id=4121)
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IE 342Human Factors Engineering
3- Organizational ergonomics
Organizational ergonomics
Communication
Task design
Design of shift hours
Quality management
Participatory design
Team and cooperative
work
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IE 342Human Factors Engineering
§ Interdisciplinary Nature of Ergonomics §§ The ergonomics interferences with six sciences
Ergonomics
Physiology
Physics
Anthropometry
Biomechanics
General Engineering
Psychology
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IE 342Human Factors Engineering
§ Interdisciplinary Nature of Ergonomics (Cont.)
1- Physiology: Uses to understand the effect of physical aspectshuman body (heart rate, blood pressure).
2- Psychology: Uses to understand the effect of cognitive aspects ofhuman (attention and perception) .
3- Biomechanics: Occupational biomechanics deals with themechanical and motion characteristics of the human body and itselements in the work environment.
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IE 342Human Factors Engineering
§ Interdisciplinary Nature of Ergonomics (Cont.)
4- Physics: Uses laws of science and engineering concepts todescribe motion undergone by the various body segments and theforces acting on these body parts during normal daily activities andjob tasks.
5- Anthropometry : Uses to understand the various body dimensions(e.g., size and weight).
6- General Engineering : Used to develop appropriate tools, facility,and equipment designs.
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IE 342Human Factors Engineering
1.4.8 CLASSIFICATION OF ERGONOMICS PROBLEMS
Two main alternatives for Ergonomics Problems at Workplace
“Users based” ergonomics
problems
“Tasks based” ergonomics
problems
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IE 342Human Factors Engineering
§ The ergonomics problems can be classified at the workplace into five main issues (Users based):
1- Anthropometric problem : the bodydimensions weight, Reach distances,sitting eye height (e.g., offices task).
2- Musculoskeletal problem : Tasks thatstrain the muscular and skeletalsystems such as back injuries(e.g.,lifting box OR hands overhead).
3- Cardiovascular problem : Tasks thatplace stress on the heart andcirculatory system (e.g., firefightingjob OR lifting heavy load).
1.4.8 CLASSIFICATION OF ERGONOMICS PROBLEMS
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IE 342Human Factors Engineering
4- Cognitive problem : Tasks thatneed a high informationprocessing overload or under-loadmonitoring or high perceptionstasks (control room tasks, pilotjob).
5- Psychomotor problem : Tasks thatlead to strain the systems thatrespond to visual or auditorystimuli with a movement or reply.
CSU, 2010, (http://www.today.colostate.edu/story.aspx?id=4121)
CSU, 2010, (http://www.today.colostate.edu/story.aspx?id=4121)
§ CLASSIFICATION OF ERGONOMICS PROBLEMS (Cont.)
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§ The ergonomics problems can be classified at the workplace into six main issues (Tasks based):
1- Physical aspects of human–machine interaction
• Size, shape, color, and texture of displays
• Understanding of instructions and warnings
• Style of dialogue between computer and user
2- Cognitive aspects if the human–machine interface and team interaction
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3- Workplace design and workplace layout
• Layout and design of processes, offices, factories, equipment and tools.
4- Physical environmental factors
• Effects of noise, vibration, illumination, andchemical/biological contaminants on human performance andhealth.
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5- Job design, selection, and training • Effects of job design, work schedules (i.e., shift work),
instructions, administrative controls, training.
• Satisfaction, communications and organizational structure within a group
6- Organizational environment or psychosocial factors
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IE 342Human Factors Engineering
§ Two common Societies in Ergonomics Studies:
- Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA).provides companies, factories with ergonomics guidelines,regulations and standard principles of safety andergonomics evolution and solutions.
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH).provides companies, factories with information and dataabout health hazards and risks. and ergonomics solutions.
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Ø Role of the Ergonomics: the ergonomics aims to make the work system
Optimised System Design
More Comfortable
More Safer
More Productive
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IE 342Human Factors Engineering
Other environmental factors (Chemical, Exposures, etc.)
Simple Visualization of the ergonomics issues at workplace
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Ø Case Study (1)
Example of low back problems in services and industries companies is lifting the heavy products from/to the back storage by the workers of the shorter truck (shorter lorry).
ü NIOSH mentioned that it is around 60% of low back disorder in US due to lifting heavy loads in different sectors industries, services and healthcare
Intervention:
NIOSH develops an ergonomics solution which is
Tail Lift (Tailgate)
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Ø Case Study (transportation ergonomics) (2)
Traffic Safety Cone Storage
• Traffic safety cones typically weigh 2-5 kg and are often stored on the truck on vertical shafts, making them difficult to load and unload. • In traffic light and sewer repair projects, it is common for 30 cones to be deployed at each location. • Risk factors include repetitive gripping and awkward postures, especially of the shoulder (flexion of 128-138 degrees) and back disorders.
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Ø Case Study (Transportation ergonomics) (2)
InterventionA hinge was installed on the base of the shaft so that it would pivot to a nearly horizontal position when the cones were being loaded or unloaded. This reduced shoulder flexion to 30-42 degrees and improved the hand and wrist position as well
Evaluation of Intervention Pros• Significant improvement in wrist and shoulder posture• Reduces grip force as a percent of maximum voluntary contraction.• Eliminates overhead lifting
Reference: Ergonomics department at University of California
Cons• Some trucks may not have enough available space for hinged base.• Workers have to remember to secure shaft in vertical position before driving away from site