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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Termination of pregnancy that results to the death of the fetus is called abortion. In the
Philippines, legalization of abortion has its first attempt during the administration of President
Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1999) when Camarines Norte representative Casimiro Padilla pass a bill
that would legalize abortion in the Philippines. His primary reason is to protect the health of the
mother and believes, that unborn and unwanted babies should be aborted because the unwanted
children who were not nurtured with love in their childhood bring to the fore their violent
attitude." Unluckily, this bill was opposed by the Catholic Bishops Conference of the
Philippines with Msgr. Pedro Quitorio, spokesperson, who says, Padilla's logic is distorted,
There is no such thing as an unwanted baby in a civilized world, but for some legislators, it is
always kill, kill, kill. Now, it's kill the babies."
A current research found out that abortion rate in the Philippines year 2000 is 27%
with metro manila having the highest rate of 52% and Central Luzon to be 27%. It is also found
out that the majority of women who had undergone abortion are those who are married or in a
union, mother of 3 or more children, poor, Roman Catholic, and achieve some high school
education. Reasons for such are the high cost of living (economic cost), family planning, health,
rape incest, and age and societies morals.
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The study aims to determine the factors affecting the degree of acceptance of Munoz
people on the legalization of abortion in the Philippines. The study is designed to put up an idea
that may (1) help the legislators to pursue the abortion bill in the Philippines or (2) to put up an
idea that will clearly state that the position of abortion in the Philippines has no possibility. We
present five determining factors which are Religious, Moral, Cultural, Social, Economic, and
Health factor including the socio demographic characteristic of the respondents.
HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
There is no significant relationship between the socio demographic characteristic of the
respondents on their degree of acceptance on the legalization of abortion in the Philippines.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Main Problem:
y What are the factors affecting the degree of acceptance of Science City of Munoz on thelegalization of abortion?
Sub-problems:
1. What are the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents?2. Does the moral factor affects on the degree of acceptance of respondents?3. Does the religious factor affects on the degree of acceptance of the respondents?4. Does the economic factor affects on the degree of acceptance of the respondents?5. Does the social factor affects on the degree of acceptance of the respondents?6. Does the social factor affects on the degree of acceptance of the respondents?
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Abortion rate- the number of abortion per 1000 women aged 14-55 years old.
Cultural factors-includes the natural or normal weigh of living of the Filipino.
Economic factors- factors such as population concerns and economic growth.
Moral factors- include the dignity and ethics of the respondents.
Religious factor- factors such as the effect of Gods will, the Ten Commandments, and
what does their religious sector told them so.
Social factor- includes what the community says or does.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The study factors affecting the degree of acceptance of Science City of Munoz on the
legalization of abortion has the following objectives:
y To determine the factors affecting the degree of acceptance of Science City of Munoz onthe legalization of abortion.
y To determine the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents.y To identify factors such as moral, religious, economic, social, and cultural that may affect
the acceptance or rejection of Science City of Munoz on the legalization of abortion.
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SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The study will be conducted in Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija. It will focus on the
respondents on the degree of acceptance on the issue of abortion specifically those practices in a
clinic and those perform with the presence of a medical practitioner. The research of the study
will deal with the said topic only and know other issue shall be tackled. The research will last for
one month and a week time.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study aims to provide information on what are the factors affecting the decision of
Science City of Munoz in accepting or rejecting on the legalization of abortion in the Philippines.
Law makers will benefit most to the results of this study. They will know the degree of
acceptance of Science City of Munoz on the issue and as a result, they can decide whether they
will start to pursue such bill or to neglect the said proposal. Also, it may open the mind of our
people because they will know the different opinions of our respondents from different sectors.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
A. Filipino LiteratureUnlike any other issues in the Philippines, abortion is really a controversial one that must be
discussed and be given attention by the appropriate authorities because it is already widespread
to our country. If we truly care about life, then we must understand what is going on (Tan
2008). Though pregnancy should consider as a happy event for women, to their husbands and to
their family, some people intend not to continue or to have this. If women having pregnancies
consider abortion as a big problem, they should prepare their selves in a more difficult choice
whether: giving birth to a child that they are not intended or able to care for, or to obtain an
unsafe and illegal abortion.
We knew that abortion in the Philippines is illegal. The act is criminalized by the Revised
Penal Code of the Philippines which was enacted in 1930 but remains in effect today. Articles
256, 258 and 259 of the code mandate imprisonment for the woman who undergoes the abortion,
as well as for any person who assists in the procedure, even if they be the womans parents, a
physician or midwife. Article 258 further imposes a higher prison term on the woman or her
parents if the abortion is undertaken in order to conceal (the womans) dishonor (Tan 2008 and
Wikipedia 2008). In other words, the acceptance to legalize the abortion in the Philippines is
inappropriate to be passed because of the Philippine government we had as well as on the
powerful Roman Catholic Church calling the situation as a human rights crisis. The United
Nations recognizing abortion in the Philippines as a legal act only in instances in which the
pregnant womans life is endangered. However there is no Philippine law that authorizes
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abortion in order to save the womans life: and the general provisions which do penalize abortion
make no qualifications if the womans life is at risk.
For the Philippines is a Christian country, its really difficult to have laws towards
abortion because Catholic Church greatly opposing on the legalization of abortion. At the same
time, legalizing abortion would require a referendum to amend the constitution, although the
enactment of a more definite provision sanctioning the ban was not successful. But
Representative Roy Padilla, Jr. of Camarines Norte (1999) filed House Bill 6343 seeking to
allow abortion in special cases like rape, congenital effects of the fetus or the cases where the
mothers life is at risk. It is unlikely that the the bill will be passed but it has stimulated
discussion on abortion. Then, the passage of HB 6343 will require amendment because the bill as
it presently stands is inherently in constitution (Wikipedia 2008 and Tan 2008).
Shiela Crisostomo, a writer on the Philippine Star published Justifying Circumstances
that abortion in the Philippines could be legal. According to Florence Tadiar, chief executive
director of the Institute for Social Studies and Action (ISSA), abortion is prohibited in the
Revised Penal Code (RPC) of 1930 but there is no specific provision against the procedure in the
constitution. The RPC 1930 was only patterned after a Spanish penal code of 1870 that embodies
Spanish Colonial prohibition on abortion. But, Spanish now has long permitted abortion in some
cases.
Whether the abortion is to be legalized in the Philippines or not, we should value the life
inside the womb. Why should we terminate a life if the person didnt commit any crimes?
Legalization of abortion is not the right way to have a better life because our God is the only one
who has the capability to take our back to Him. Yes, abortion can be another method to lessen
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our population but it is not appropriate to do because it is inhumane. In Philippine constitution, it
is a criminal act. If unwanted pregnancy comes, righting a mistake with another mistake is not
the answer. If ever that the legalization of abortion in the Philippines will be ratified, every
women should be aware that abortion is classified as a crime and against the will of God, though
it is already legal.
B. Foreign Literature
Abortion is a very controversial subject that has been continuously argued over for the
past few years and probably for many more years to come. The issue of abortion is undeniably
linked to maternal mortality. Studies indicated the most common cause of maternal death is
unsafe abortion. To reduce maternal deaths it is needed for some improvement post abortion care
(PAC) as the studies have said.
(Gossa, 1989) Abortion is linked to violence. Only two of these studies attempted to
correlate rape and abortion. In each of these studies rape was cited as the reason for seeking an
abortion in 20-25% of the cases. We are left to guess at the actual occurrences of rape and
violence that go unreported or do not end in a health institution as a pregnancy or an abortion.
Studies and interventions that address gender violence and rape need to elaborate on
outcomes of unwanted pregnancy leading most women to abort their child. Some victims of
violence are asked in relation to abortion, why does unwanted pregnancy occurred. Many blame
it on poor prenatal care, particularly in the groups with the highest rates mainly teenagers and
low socioeconomic groups. But, good prenatal care is almost universally obtainable. The
problem is that the parents in these groups often dont avail themselves of it.
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(ROME, Oct. 11) A comprehensive global study of abortion has concluded that abortion rates
are similar in countries where it is legal and those where it is not, suggesting that outlawing the
procedure does little to discourage women seeking it.
Here in Philippines even though it is illegal, many women having unwanted pregnancy wants to
abort because they are oblige to do it for pride and honor of the family but some doesnt want
any responsibility.
Moreover, the researchers found that abortion was safe in countries where it was legal, but
dangerous in countries where it was outlawed and performed clandestinely. Globally, abortion
accounts for 13 percent of womens deaths during pregnancy and childbirth, and there are 31
abortions for every 100 live births, the study said.
The results of the study, collaboration between scientists from the World Health Organization in
Geneva and the Guttmacher Institute in New York, a reproductive rights group, are being
published Friday in the journal Lancet.
We now have a global picture of induced abortion in the world, covering both countries where
it is legal and countries where laws are very restrictive, Dr. Paul Van Look, director of the
W.H.O. Department of Reproductive Health and Research, said in a telephone interview. What
we see is that the law does not influence a womans decision to have an abortion. If theres an
unplanned pregnancy, it does not matter if the law is restrictive or liberal.
But the legal status of abortion did greatly affect the dangers involved, the researchers said.
Generally, where abortion is legal it will be provided in a safe manner, Dr. Van Look said.
And the opposite is also true: where it is illegal, it is likely to be unsafe, performed under unsafe
conditions by poorly trained providers.
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The data also suggested that the best way to reduce abortion rates was not to make abortion
illegal but to make contraception more widely available, said Sharon Camp, chief executive of
the Guttmacher Institute.
Anti-abortion groups criticized the research, saying that the scientists had jumped to conclusions
from imperfect tallies, often estimates of abortion rates in countries where the procedure was
illegal. These numbers are not definitive and very susceptible to interpretation according to the
agenda of the people who are organizing the data, said Randall K. OBannon, director of
education and research at the National Right to Life Educational Trust Fund in Washington.
He said that the major reason women die in the developing world is that hospitals and health
systems lack good doctors and medicines. They have equated the word safe with legal and
unsafe with illegal, which gives you the illusion that to deal with serious medical system
problems you just make abortion legal.
Pro-life groups commonly church leaders and Christians said that abortion is not the answer for
our own mistake because it is life we talk about. It is a scientific fact that fetus is a unique
individual human life. It is not just cells or a parasite, this means that we are not simply talking
about some thing we can treat as property. This is an issue concerning a human life, because
this individual is growing, maturing, developing, and replacing its own dying cells. Based on this
undeniable fact the right to life applies and must be weighed in against all other considerations.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
The study uses the descriptive research design to determine the factors affecting the
degree of acceptance on the legalization of abortion on the Science City of Munoz.
SAMPLE AND SAMPLING
Science City of Munoz settlers from different sectors of society served as participants.
The twenty (20) samples were randomly selected according to their convenient time to answer
certain questions about the legalization on abortion in questionnaire.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The study used a three paged questionnaire which includes the Socio-demographic
characteristics of the samples. This includes the name, address, age, gender, citizenship, religion,
civil status, occupation, and educational attainment. It also includes 21 statements by putting a
check on their corresponding degree of acceptance, and then followed by an open-ended question
answerable with an essay form.
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DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
Research data were gathered through personal distribution of survey questionnaire at
Central Luzon State University and Munoz public market which lasted for one week and two
days (September 18-26, 2010).
DATA ANALYSIS
Analysis and interpretation of data in the study were done using the appropriate statistical
tool. These were frequency counts and percentages to determine the factors affecting the degree
of acceptance on the legalization of abortion on Socio-demographic Characteristics.
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CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Graph 1: Age of the Respondents
Graph 2: Citizenship
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
16-20 y/o 21-40 y/o 41 and above
Series1
1
100%
Filipino
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Graph 3: Gender
Graph 4: Religion
0%
20%
40%
60%
Male
Female
Chart Title
Series1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Roman Catholic
Jehova's witnesses
Series1
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Graph 5: Civil Status
Table 1: Religious Factor
Item ABS YES MYB NO ABN
1. Abortion is againstthe will of God.
11 55% 8 40% 0 0% 0 0% 1 5%
2. My religious secttold me that it is bad.
10 50% 6 30% 3 15% 1 5% 0 0%
3. Abortion is againstChristianity.
10 50% 8 40% 1 5% 1 5% 0 0%
4. Abortion is againstthe ten commandments
of God.
8 40% 11 55% 0 0% 1 5% 0 0%
Average 48.75% 41.25% 5% 3.75% 1.25%
Table 1 shows that majority of the respondents (90%) agrees and have no objections on
statements 1, 2, and 3, and agrees on statement 4. Minority of the respondents (5%) strongly
object on it.
Single
50%Married
45%
Widow
5%
Chart Title
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Table 2: Cultural Factor
Item ABS YES MYB NO ABN
1. Abortion is not the
culture of Filipinos.
5 25% 11 55% 1 5% 2 10% 1 5%
2. Abortion would
introduce an immoralcountry.
0 0% 4 20% 6 30% 6 30% 4 20%
Average 12.5% 37.5% 17.5% 20% 12.5%
Table 2 shows that majority of the respondents agrees on the Cultural factor with a
percentage of 50, and minority of them strongly objects on the statements with a percentage of
32.5.
Table 3: Moral Factor
Item ABS YES MYB NO ABN
1. Abortion is an act of
killing.
10 50% 6 30% 3 15% 1 5% 0 0%
2. Abortion conflicts
morality.
7 35% 9 45% 3 15% 1 5% 0 0%
3. Legalized abortion would
produce a humanity who
would enter unsafe sex
without thinking of itsconsequences andresponsibilities.
4 20% 10 50% 3 15% 0 0% 3 15%
4. I am against abortionbecause I treasure every
life on earth.
9 45% 9 45% 0 0% 2 10% 0 0%
5. Abortion would regain
the lost confidence ofvictims particularly of rape.
2 10% 8 40% 3 15% 4 20% 3 15%
Average 32% 42% 12% 8% 6%
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Table 3 shows that majority of the respondents agrees on the moral factor with a
percentage of 74 and minority of them strongly objects on the statements with a percentage of
14.
Table 4: Social Factor
Item ABS YES MYB NO ABN
1. Abortion is notaccepted by the
society
5 25% 9 45% 3 15% 0 0% 3 15%
2. Abortion can begood because other
countries are
practicing it legally.
1 5% 1 5% 7 35% 8 40% 3 15%
3. It is not society thataffects my perception
towards abortion.
2 10% 8 40% 3 15% 6 30% 1 5%
Average 13.33% 30% 21.67% 23.33% 11.67%
Table 4 shows that majority of the respondents (43.33%) agrees and have no objections
on the preceding statements while minority of the respondents (35%) object on it.
Table 5: Economic Factor
Item ABS YES MYB NO ABN
1. Abortion would help
in the control of ourpopulation.
0 0% 4 20% 6 30% 6 30% 4 20%
2. Through abortionand controlled
population oureconomy will rise.
0 0% 2 10% 10 50% 6 30% 2 10%
3. Lesser people,wealthier country.
0 0% 3 15% 10 50% 5 25% 2 10%
Average 0% 15% 43.33% 28.33% 13.33%
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Table 5 shows that the majority of the respondents disagree on the economic factor with a
percentage of 41.66 and minority of them agrees on the statements with a percentage of 15.
Table 6: Health Factor
Item ABS YES MYB NO ABN
1. Abortion would reducemortality rate among illegal
abortion patients orvictims.
2 10% 6 30% 6 30% 4 20% 2 10%
2. Abortion can be a new
method of family planning.
0 0% 2 10% 4 20% 10 50% 4 20%
3. Abortion would reduce
death
2 10% 2 10% 4 20% 7 35% 5 25%
4. Abortion can be a newand profitable medicalprocedure.
0 0% 4 20% 5 25% 6 30% 5 25%
5. Abortion would escalatesexually transmitted
diseases.
2 10% 3 15% 11 55% 3 15% 1 5%
Average 6% 17% 30% 30% 17%
Table 6 shows that the majority of the respondents disagree on the health factor with a
percentage of 47 and minority of them agrees on the statements with a percentage of 23.
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ABSTRACT
This study was about the acceptance of the legalization of abortion. It determined the
factors which may/ may not affect the degree of acceptance of the people at Science City of
Muoz about the legalization of abortion namely the religious, cultural, moral, social, economic
and health factor. Data were gathered using a survey questionnaire developed by the researchers.
The questionnaires were distributed to twenty (20) people with different status in life like
(college students, religious people, business persons, medical practitioners, politically inclined
persons and others). Among the twenty (20) respondents twelve were (12) males and eight were
(8) females. The socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents were included such as
their nationality, gender, religion and civil status.
With the six factors involved, the religious, social, cultural and moral was found out to be
related on their degree of acceptance for abortion to be legalized. Two other factors, economic
and health, did not show any relationship to the said topic.
On the contrary, all six factors object on the legalization of abortion in the Philippines.
As a result, majority of the respondents agreed on the rejection of the abortion to be legalized on
the statements under religious factor with a percentage of 90. Next are the moral factor (74%),
cultural factor (50%), then health factor with a percentage of 47, social factor with a percentage
of 43.33 and finally economic factor (41.66%).
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CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were drawn.
1) The degree of acceptance of Science City of Munoz on the legalization of abortion wasfound out to have a percentage of 0 % or none out of the twenty (20) respondents accepts
abortion to be legal in the Philippines.
2) Majority of the respondents were male, Roman Catholic, Filipinos, and single.3) The degree of acceptance of Science City of Munoz on the legalization of abortion is
related with the religious factor having an approval rate of 90%.
4) The degree of acceptance of Science City of Munoz on the legalization of abortion isrelated with the cultural factor having an approval rate of 50%.
5) The degree of acceptance of Science City of Munoz on the legalization of abortion isrelated with the moral factor having an approval rate of 74%.
6) The degree of acceptance of Science City of Munoz on the legalization of abortion isrelated with the social factor having an approval rate of 43.33%.
7) The degree of acceptance of Science City of Munoz on the legalization of abortion is notaffected by the health and economic factor with a low approval percentages of 23 and 15
respectively
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RECOMMENDATION:
Based on the preceding conclusions, the following recommendations were drawn.
1) Further studies should include new variable in the study such as mental factor or temental capability or readiness of the respondents to think, evaluate and respond to the
said topic.
2) Further studies may also tackle the other side of abortion, that is induced abortion oftermination of pregnancy trough medication.
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Hilts, P. J. Abortion in the Philippines. Wikipedia,
2008. date accssed 9January 2008.
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Abrham.(1989).A review of firstpregnancy in Jimma Hospital. Paper from JimmaUniversity.
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