Evolving Structure of Eucalyptus Breeding and Biotechnology Research in Brazil
INTERNATIONAL CONSORTIUM ON APPLIED BIOECONOMY RESEARCH – ICABR.
RAVELLO – JUNE 17 th, 2015
Jaim J. da Silva Jr.Campinas State University
Agriculture Economy and Environment Nucleus (NEA)
Brazil´s land use
Agriculture
Native Forests
GM Soybean Cultivated Area 25 million hectares
Amazon Biome 40% of the National Territory
Planted Forests : Brazil 2013 •Total Area - 7,600,974 Hectares
•Eucalyptus – 5,473,176 Hectares
•Pine – 1,570,146 Hectares
•Rubber tree, Acacia, Teak, Paricá, Araucaria, Populus and other – 557,652 Hectares
Source: Ibá (2014)
Forest Transition
Percentage share of the forestry production in Brazil 1995-2013.
• Brazil have over 50% of the territory covered by native forests.
• Plenty of agriculturable land available. States of Mato Grosso, Pará, Bahia and Minas Gerais have over 1 million hectares of degraded pasture each (IBGE, 2006).
• Places experience forest transitions when declines in forest cover cease and recoveries in forest cover begin (Kudel et al., 2005).
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
0102030405060708090
100
Native Forests Planted Forests Deforestation Amazon Forest
%
Source: IBGE
Milestones of Eucalyptus Breeding and Biotech• 1900s – First comercial plantation led by Paulista Railroads Company.
• 1960s to 1970s - Sharp increase in cultivated area, Law No. 5,106, by which the Federal Government stipulates tax incentives for afforestation.
• 1980s to 2000s - Eucalyptus Urograndis. Vegetative propagation led by Aracruz Company. Nowadays, about 3,000,000 hectares of Eucalyptus forests was formed by cloning technics.
• 2000s to 2010s – Genomics, transgenics, bioreactors, seedlings biofactories.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 201005
1015202530354045
Brazil´s Average Eucalyptus Productivity Evolutionm³/ha.ano
Source: Ibá (2014)
• Dynamics of Agricultural research organization - Fuglie and Toole (2014)
Large role of private sector New institutional models for public private research collaborationStagnant public agricultural research investment
Financer (2012) Breeding/Biotech R&D Investments
Executors
Federal Government US$ 32.5 million Embrapa, Universities
State Research Foundations *(FAPESP 1996-2006)
US$ 15 million Universities, Firms
Private Firms - Ibá US$ 15 million Industry, Universities
Private Firms – Forest Biotech Multinationals
US$ 4.6 million Industry, Universities
Greater internationalization
Evolving structure of Eucalyptus Breeding and Biotech R&D in Brazil
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 20140
10
20
30
40
50
60
70Eucalyptus by Organization Type
Private National Private Multinational Public Agricultural Research Organizations
Num
ber o
f Cul
tivar
s in
the
RNC
Registry of Eucalyptus Cultivars in Brazil
Source: National Regitry of Cultivars (RNC)
Forest Biotechnology – GM Eucalyptus field trials in Brazil
Reduction in content and changes of lignin composition Resistance to pests and diseases Herbicide tolerance Increased Biomass Production
Field Trial goals
19971998
19992000
20012002
20032004
20052006
20072008
20092010
20112012
20132014
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7Eucalyptus Field Trials
LPMAs
Source: CTNBio
• Five enterprises registered GM Eucalyptus field trials in the country. A total of 24 field trials, since 1999.
New Institutional Models: Public Private Research Partnership
Public Agricultural Research Institute
Private Company
Public University
I.P. Boundary
$
T Technology Transfer
Financial Resources
$
T, $
Research Grant
IPEF, SIF
T, $
Genolyptus, Lignodeco, ForESTs
T, $
T, $
T, $ T, $
T, $
T, $
Source: Day-Rubenstein and Fuglie (2000)
Research Consortium ForESTs
Genolyptus Project LignoDeco
Period 2001/2002 2002/2004 2010/2013
Goals Forestry Genomics
Forestry Genomics (Eucalyptus)
Optimized biomass deconstruction
Executers Firms (4) Firms (14) Firms (2) Universities (4) Universities (7) Universities (5)
EMBRAPA (3 Units)
Budget US$ 4 Million US$ 7 Million
US$ 3 Million
Main Results
110 Mil ESTs
Field tests with GM Eucalyptus Pilot Scale Plant
New Institutional Models: Research Consortium
Source: Research Data
Greater Internationalization : FuturaGene and ArborGen• FuturaGene was acquired by the Brazilian firm Suzano in 2010. Structure of the company
in Brazil is made of 32 employees, 21 full time researches devoted exclusively to biotechnology.
• Own gene inserted in the GM Eucalyptus approved in Brazil. Expectation of commercial realese in 2020.
• ArborGen's structure in Brazil is concentrated at the São Paulo State.• Agreement with International Paper grants ArborGen the exclusive right to produce and sell
International Papers´ Eucalyptus seedlings in Brazil.
Forest Sciences Education and Training
MG SP PR MT RS GO SC ES PA BA MS MA0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Graduate Professors 1,000 Hectare per Graduate Professors (Right Axis)
Num
ber o
f Gra
duat
e Pr
ofes
sors
in 2
012
1,0
00 H
ecta
re p
er G
radu
ate
Prof
esso
r in
2012
Source: SNIF
• 186 research groups in Forest Resources and Forest Engineering (CNPq, 2010).
• 116 breeders specialized in Forest Resources (CGEE, 2008).
• 26 Gradute courses in Forest Resources and Forest Engineering (SNIF, 2012).
Thank [email protected]