![Page 1: Europe’s Neighbours: Byzantium and the Islamic World](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042608/56649ebf5503460f94bc91df/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Europe’s Neighbours:Byzantium
and the Islamic World
![Page 2: Europe’s Neighbours: Byzantium and the Islamic World](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042608/56649ebf5503460f94bc91df/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Europe’s Neighbours: Byzantium and the Islamic World](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042608/56649ebf5503460f94bc91df/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Byzantium• Eastern Roman Empire
– 476AD – 1453AD• But giving way to growing Muslim Empire
• Orthodox Christian• Kept Romano-Greek traditions alive
for a thousand years– Including medicine– Libraries, Manuscripts– But little communication with Western
Europe• Natural treatments still used• First true Hospitals built
– Private – non-religious
![Page 4: Europe’s Neighbours: Byzantium and the Islamic World](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042608/56649ebf5503460f94bc91df/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Constantinople
![Page 5: Europe’s Neighbours: Byzantium and the Islamic World](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042608/56649ebf5503460f94bc91df/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Byzantine Architecture
![Page 6: Europe’s Neighbours: Byzantium and the Islamic World](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042608/56649ebf5503460f94bc91df/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fall of Byzantium• Very sophisticated Culture
– Also very wealthy• The Rise of Islam• Crusades
– Originally asked Pope in Rome for Help against Muslims
– The Western Christians turned on rich city of Constantinople itself
• 1204• Fatally weakening Empire
• Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople– 1453
![Page 7: Europe’s Neighbours: Byzantium and the Islamic World](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042608/56649ebf5503460f94bc91df/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Rise of Islam• Prophet Mohammed
– 622AD• Rapid spread of Islam
– Common language of Arabic • Centres of Islam
– Mecca, Baghdad, Alexandria, Damascus, Jerusalem, Constantinople
• Cultural Bridge– Conquers / exposed to many traditions
• eg Greek, Indian, Christian– Islamic Scholars have access to all of
these translated books in large Arabic libraries eg in Baghdad
Arabic Translation of Hippocrates
![Page 8: Europe’s Neighbours: Byzantium and the Islamic World](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042608/56649ebf5503460f94bc91df/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Rapid Spread of Islam
![Page 9: Europe’s Neighbours: Byzantium and the Islamic World](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042608/56649ebf5503460f94bc91df/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Koran
• The Koran– Hygiene very important
• Eg always Wash before prayers• Even toothbrushes mentioned
– Care for the Sick and Poor– Respects Learning/Education
• Translates books from all conquered/neighbouring nations
– Dissections Forbidden
![Page 10: Europe’s Neighbours: Byzantium and the Islamic World](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042608/56649ebf5503460f94bc91df/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Medical Ideas in the Islamic World
• Very knowledgeable Doctors– Well Read– Classically influenced
• Galen, Hippocrates– Clinical Observation– Share ideas across a huge Arabic speaking world
• Ibn Sinna wrote a Million world textbook covering all aspects of Medicine
– ‘The Canon of Medicine’» Use for the next 600 years
• But– Unwilling to criticise Texts
• Koran or Galen– Theory more important than practice
![Page 11: Europe’s Neighbours: Byzantium and the Islamic World](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042608/56649ebf5503460f94bc91df/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Important Doctors
• Arabic For Doctor– Hakeem = Wise Man– Many doctors were actually
Nestorian Christians
• Al-Rhazes– identifies Smallpox and Measles
• Ibn an-Nafis– Identifies that blood moves through
Lungs
• Al-Zahrawi– Surgeon
• Caesarean Sections• Cataract Extractions
– Use of Natural Anaesthetic• Darnel
![Page 12: Europe’s Neighbours: Byzantium and the Islamic World](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042608/56649ebf5503460f94bc91df/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
IslamicAlchemists
• Trying to make Gold
• They failed but they were accidentally the first Chemists– Developed
Scientific Apparatus
– Could identify, purify and separate chemicals
• Eg alcohol
![Page 13: Europe’s Neighbours: Byzantium and the Islamic World](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042608/56649ebf5503460f94bc91df/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Other Medical Ideas• Mental Health Treated
– Asylums, Musical treatments attempted• Dental Health
– Wooden False Teeth used• Ophthalmology
– Cataracts treated• Infectious Diseases
– Isolation and Quarantine used• Hospitals
– Built through charitable donations– Hygienically maintained
Al-Mansour Hospital
![Page 14: Europe’s Neighbours: Byzantium and the Islamic World](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042608/56649ebf5503460f94bc91df/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Islamic Ideas come to Europe• The Crusades
– Illustrated how far Europe had fallen behind the united and well educated Islamic World
– Source 1 page 74 for evidence– Islamic doctors were shocked at the poor medical
knowledge and understanding of the Europeans– Many Crusaders prefer to use Islamic ideas that work
rather than Christian ideas that don’t• Spain
– An Islamic Kingdom for hundreds of years• To 1100AD
– Slowly reconquered by Christians– Large library at Cordoba
• Translated books into Latin• Many for the first time• Some retranslated
– Eg Galen and Hippocrates – Some Errors were noticed
![Page 15: Europe’s Neighbours: Byzantium and the Islamic World](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042608/56649ebf5503460f94bc91df/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Alhambra, Spain